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Cardio/Blood/Heart
Cardiovascular/Heart/Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anemia | Reduced oxygen-carrying ability of blood resulting from too few erythrocytes or abnormal hemoglobin. |
| Anastomosis | A union or joining of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatics. |
| Albumin | The most abundant plasma protein. |
| Angina pectoris | Severe suffocating chest pain caused by brief lack of oxygen supply to heart muscle. |
| Aneurysm | Blood-filled sac in an artery wall caused by dilation or weakening of the wall. |
| Aorta | Major systemic artery; arises from the left ventricle of the heart. |
| Arrhythmia | Irregular heart rhythm, often caused by defects in the intrinsic conduction system. |
| Atherosclerosis | Changes in the walls of large arteries consisting of lipid deposits on the artery walls; one form of arteriosclerosis. |
| Arteriosclerosis | Any of a number of proliferative and degenerative changes in the arteries leading to their decreased elasticity. |
| Arteriole | A minute artery |
| Arteries | Blood vessels that conduct blood away from the heart and into the circulation. |
| Atrioventricular (AV) valve | Valve that prevents backflow into the atrium when the connected ventricle is contracting. |
| Atrioventricular (AV) node | Specialized mass of conducting cells located at the atrioventricular junction in the heart. |
| Atrioventricular (AV) bundle | Bundle of specialized fibers that conduct impulses from the AV node to the right and left ventricles; also called bundle of His. |
| Atria | The two superior receiving chambers of the heart. |
| Autoregulation | The automatic local adjustment of blood flow to a particular body area in response to its current requirements. |
| Baroreceptor | A sensory nerve ending in the wall of the carotid sinus or aortic arch sensitive to vessel stretching. |
| Basophil | White blood cell whose granules stain purplish-black and nucleus purple with basic dye. |
| Bilirubin | Yellow pigment of bile. |
| Blood pressure (BP) | Force exerted by blood against a unit area of the blood vessel walls; differences in blood pressure between different areas of the circulation provide the driving force for blood circulation. |
| Capillaries | The smallest of the blood vessels and the sites of exchange between the blood and tissue cells. |
| Cardiac cycle | Sequence of events encompassing one complete contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles of the heart. |
| Bradycardia | A heart rate below 60 beats per minute. |
| Cardiac reserve | The difference between resting and maximal cardiac output. |
| Cardiac output (CO) | Amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle in one minute. |
| Carotid body | A receptor in the common carotid artery sensitive to changing oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels of the blood. |
| Cardiogenic shock | Pump failure; the heart is so inefficient that it cannot sustain adequate circulation. |
| Carotid sinus | A dilation of a common carotid artery; involved in regulation of systemic blood pressure. |
| Cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) | An arterial anastomosis at the base of the brain. |
| Coagulation | Process in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel; blood clotting. |
| Colloid osmotic pressure | Pressure created in a fluid by large nondiffusible molecules, such as plasma proteins that are prevented from moving through a (capillary) membrane. Such substances tend to draw water to them. |
| Congenital | Existing at birth. |
| Complete blood count (CBC) | Clinical test that includes counts of all formed elements, a hematocrit, and measurements of erythrocyte size and hemoglobin content. |
| Congestive heart failure (CHF) | Condition in which the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs. |
| Coronary circulation | The functional blood supply of teh heart; shortest circulation in the body. |
| Diapedesis | Passage of white blood cells through intact vessel walls into tissue. |
| Diastole | Period of the cardiac cycle when either the ventricles or the atria are relaxing. |
| Diastolic pressure | Arterial blood pressure reached during or as a result of diastole; lowest level of any given cardiac cycle. |
| Differential white blood cell count | Diagnostic test to determine relative proportion of individual leukocyte types. |
| Diuretics | Chemicals that enhance urinary output. |
| Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) | Graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart. |
| Embolism | Obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus (blood clot, fatty mass, bubble of air, or other debris) floating in the blood. |
| Endocardium | Endothelial membrane that lines the interior of the heart. |
| Eosinophil | Granular white blood cell whose granules readily take up an acid stain called eosin. |
| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells. |
| Erythropoiesis | Process of erythrocyte formation. |
| Extrasystole | Premature heart contraction. |
| Fenestrated | Pierced with one or more small openings. |
| Fibrillation | Condition of rapid and irregular or out-of-phase heart contractions. |
| Fibrin | Fibrous insoluble protein formed during blood clotting. |
| Fibrinogen | A soluble blood protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin during blood clotting. |
| Formed elements | Cellular portion of blood. |
| Fibrinolysis | Process that removes unneeded blood clots when healing has occurred. |
| Heart attack (coronary) | Condition characterized by dead tissue areas in the myocardium; caused by interruption of blood supply to the area. See Myocardial Infarction. |
| Heart block | Impaired transmission of impulses from atrium to ventricle resulting in abnormally slow heart rhythms. |
| Heart murmur | Abnormal heart sound (usually resulting from valve problems). |
| Hematocrit | The percentage of total blood volume occupied by erythrocytes. |
| Hematoma | Mass of clotted blood that forms at an injured site. |
| Hematopoiesis | Blood cell formation; hemopoiesis. |
| Heme | Iron-containing pigment that is essential to oxygen transport by hemoglobin. |
| Hemocytoblast | Bone marrow cell that gives rise to all the formed elements of blood; hematopoietic stem cell. |
| Hemoglobin | Oxygen-transporting protein of erythrocytes. |
| Hemolysis | Rupture of erythrocytes. |
| Hemophilia | A term loosely applied to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that exhibit similar signs and symptoms. |
| Hemopoiesis | Blood cell formation; hematopoiesis |
| Hemorrhage | Loss of blood from the vessels by flow through ruptured walls; bleeding. |
| Hemostasis | Stoppage of bleeding. |
| Heparin | Natural anticoagulent secreted into blood plasma. |
| Hepatic portal system | Circulation in which the hepatic portal vein carries dissolved nutrients to the liver tissues for processing. |
| Hydrostatic pressure | Pressure of fluid in a system. |
| Hypertension | High blood pressure. |
| Hypotension | Low blood pressure |
| Hypovolemic shock | Most common form of shock; results from extreme blood loss. |
| Incompetent vavle | Valve which does not close properly. |
| Infarct | Region of dead, deteriorating tissue resulting from a lack of blood supply. |
| Infectious mononucleosis | Highly contagious viral disease; marked by excessive agranulocytes. |
| Intercalated discs | Specialized connections between myocardial cells containing gap junctions and desmosomes. |
| Intrinsic factor | Substance produced by the stomach that is required for vitamin B12 absorption. |
| Inferior vena cava | Vein that returns blood from body areas below the diaphragm. |
| Leukemia | Refers to a group of cancerous conditions of white blood cells. |
| Leukocytes | White blood cells; formed elements involved in body protection that take part in inflammatory and immune responses. |
| Leukocytosis | An increase in the number of leukocytes (white blood cells); usually the result of a microbiological attack on the body. |
| Leukopenia | Abnormally low white blood cell count. |
| Leukopoiesis | The production of white blood cells. |
| Lumen | Cavity inside a tube, blood vessel, or hollow organ. |
| Lymphocyte | Agranular white blood cell that arises from bone marrow and becomes functionally mature in the lymphoid organs of the body. |
| Mediastinum | The medial cavity of the thorax containing the heart, great vessels, and trachea. |
| Mitral (bicupspid) valve (mitral) | The left atrioventricular valve. |
| Monocyte | Large single-nucleus white blood cell; agranular leukocyte. |
| Myocardial infarction (MI) | Condition characterized by dead tissue areas in the myocardium; caused by interruption of blood supply to the area. Commonly called heart attack. |
| Myocardium | Layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle. |
| Neutrophil | Most abundant type of white blood cell. |
| Nitric oxide (NO) | A gaseous chemical messenger; diverse functions include participation in memory formation in the brain, and causing vasodilation throughout the body. |
| Oxyhemoglobin | Oxygen-bound form of hemoglobin. |
| Pericardium | Double-layered sac enclosing the heart and forming its superficial layer; has fibrous and serous layers. |
| Peripheral congestion | Condition caused by failure of the right side of the heart; results in edema in the extremities. |
| Peripheral resistance | A measure of the amount of friction encountered by blood as it flows through the blood vessels. |
| Plasma | The nonliving fluid component of blood within which formed elements and various solutes are suspended and circulation. |
| Platelet | Cell fragment found in blood; involved in clotting. |
| Polycythemia | An abnormally high number of erythrocytes. |
| Prothrombin time | Diagnostic test to determine status hemostasis system. |
| Pulmonary arteries | Vessels that deliver blood to the lungs to be oxygenated. |
| Pulmonary circuit | System of blood vessels that serves gas exchange in the lungs; i.e., pulmonary arteries, capillaries, and veins. |
| Pulmonary veins | Vessels that deliver freshly oxygenated blood from the respiratory zones of the lungs to the heart. |
| Pulse | Rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction; can be felt from outside the body. |
| Purkinje fibers | Modified ventricular muscle fibers of the conduction system of the heart. |
| Reticulocyte | Immature erythrocyte. |
| Semilunar valves | Valves that prevent blood return to the ventricles after contraction; aortic and pulmonary valves. |
| Sinoatrial (SA) node | Specialized myocardial cells in the wall of the right atrium; pacemaker of the heart. |
| Stenosis | Abnormal constriction or narrowing. |
| Stroke volume (SV) | Amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle during one contraction. |
| Superior vena cava | Vein that returns blood from body regions superior to the diaphragm. |
| Sympathetic (vasomotor) tone | State of partial vasoconstriction of the blood vessels maintained by sympathetic fibers. |
| Systemic circuit | System of blood vessels that serves gas exchange in the body tissue. |
| Systole | Period when either the ventricles or the atria are contracting. |
| Systolic pressure | Pressure exerted by blood on the blood vessel walls during ventricular contractions. |
| Tachycardia | A heart rate over 100 beats per minute. |
| Thorax | That portion of the body trunk above the diaphragm and below the neck. |
| Thrombin | Enzyme that induces clotting by converting fibrinogen to fibrin. |
| Thrombocyte | Platelet; cell fragment that participates in blood coagulation. |
| Thrombocytopenia | A reduction in the number of platelets circulating in the blood. |
| Thrombus | A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel. |
| Tissue perfusion | Blood flow through body tissues or organs. |
| Transfusion reaction | Agglutination and destruction of red blood cells following transfusion of incompatible blood. |
| Tricuspid valve | The right atrioventricular valve. |
| Tunica | A covering or tissue coat; membrane layer. |
| Vascular | Pertaining to blood vessels or richly supplied with blood vessels. |
| Vascular spasm | Immediate response to blood vessel injury; results in constriction. |
| Vasoconstriction | Narrowing of blood vessels. |
| Vasodilation | Relaxation of the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, producing dilation. |
| Vasomotion | Intermittent contracton or relaxation of the precapillary sphincters, resulting in a staggered blood flow when tissue needs are not extreme. |
| Vasomotor center | Brain area concerned with regulation of blood vessel resistance. |
| Vasomotor fibers | Sympathetic nerve fibers that cause the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels, thereby regulating blood vessel diameter. |
| Veins | Blood vessels that return blood toward the heart from the circulation. |
| Ventricles | (1) Paired, inferiorly located heart chambers that function as the major blood pumps; (2) cavities in the brain. |
| Venule | A small vein. |
| Visscosity | State of being sticky or thick. |
| Vital signs | Includes pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature measurements. |
Created by:
RoxWolf
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