the axial skeleton
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| axial skeleton | show 🗑
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| show | supports the limbs.
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| show | protects the brain and guard the entrances to the digestive and respiratory systems.
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| show | brain case
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| 8 cranial bones | show 🗑
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| cranial cavity | show 🗑
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| show | protect and support the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts.
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| nasal septum | show 🗑
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| sinuses | show 🗑
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| suture | show 🗑
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| lamboid suture | show 🗑
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| Coronal suture | show 🗑
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| calvaria | show 🗑
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| sagittal suture | show 🗑
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| show | on each side of the skull forms the boundary between the temporal bone and the parietal bone of that side.
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| show | forms much of the posterior and inferior surfaces of the cranium.
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| external occipital proturberance | show 🗑
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| show | begins at the external occipital proturberance, marks the attachment of a ligament that helps stabilize the vertebrae of the neck.
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| occipital condyles | show 🗑
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| show | connects the cranial cavity, which is enclosed by the vertebral column. This foramen surrounds the connection between the brain and the spinal cord.
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| show | lies between the occipital bone and the temporal bone.
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| internal jugular vein | show 🗑
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| show | begin at the lateral base of each occipital condyle and end on the inner surface of the occipital bone near the foramen magnum.
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| Hypoglossal nerves | show 🗑
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| parietal bones | show 🗑
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| show | forms the anterior portion of the cranium and the roof of the orbits.
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| frontal squama | show 🗑
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| superior temporal line | show 🗑
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| supraorbital margin | show 🗑
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| lacrimal fossa | show 🗑
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| show | extremely variable in size and time of appearance.
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| show | provides passage for blood vessels that supply the eyebrow, eyelids, and frontal sinuses.
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| show | form part of both the lateral walls of the cranium and the zygotic arches.
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| show | convex, irregular surface that borders the squamous suture
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| zygomatic process | show 🗑
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| show | cheeckbone
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| show | attachment site for muscles that rotate or extend the head.
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| Masteoid air cells | show 🗑
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| styloid processh | show 🗑
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| show | located on its internal surface, encloses the structures of the inner ear- sense organs that provide information about hearing and balance.
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| auditory ossicles | show 🗑
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| carotid canal | show 🗑
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| show | jagged slit extending between the sphenoid and the petrous portion of the tempora bone and containing hyaline cartilage and small arteries that supply inner surface of the cranium.
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| show | airfilled passageway that connects the pharynx to the tympanic cavity, passes through the posterior portion of the foramen lacerum.
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| external acoustic canal or external acoustic meatus | show 🗑
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| show | lies porsterior to the base of the styloid process.
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| show | passes through this foramen to control the facial muscles.
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| internal acoustic canal or internal acoustic meatus | show 🗑
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| sphenoid, or sphenoidal bone | show 🗑
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| body | show 🗑
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| sella turcica | show 🗑
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| Hypophyseal fossa | show 🗑
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| pituitary gland | show 🗑
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| sphenoidal sinuses | show 🗑
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| lesser wings | show 🗑
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| show | extend laterally from the body and form part of the cranial floor.
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| sphenoidal spine | show 🗑
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| show | vertical projections that originate on either side of the body.
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| show | permit passage of the optic nerves from the eyes to the brain.
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| superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum. | show 🗑
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| show | forms anteromedial floor of the cranium, the roof of the nasal cavity, and part of the sanal septum and medial orbit wall.
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| cribriform plate | show 🗑
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| show | bony ridge that projects superior to the cribiform plate.
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| Falx cerebri | show 🗑
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| show | contain ethmoidal labyrinth
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| show | consist of interconnected ethmoidal air cells,
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| show | open into nasal cavity on each side
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| show | delicate projections of lateral masses.
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| show | forms part of the nasal septum, along with the vomer and a piece of hyaline cartilage.
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| olfactory foramina | show 🗑
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| show | cribriform plate, the medial surfaces of the superior portion of the perpendicular plate
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| show | Maxillae, support the teeth and form the inferior orbital rim, the lateral margins of the external nares, upper jaw, and most of the hard palate.
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| show | Protects eye and other structures in the orbit.
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| show | Found in the anterior portion of the maxillary bone, at its articulation with the maxillary bone of the other side.
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| show | Borders the mouth supports the upper teeth.
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| Palatine processes | show 🗑
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| Maxillary sinuses | show 🗑
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| Nasolacrimal canal | show 🗑
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| show | marks the path of the major sensory nerve that reaches the brain via the foramen rotundum of the sphenoid.
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| show | lies between the maxillary bone and the sphenoid, permits passage of cranial nerves and blood vessels.
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| palatine bones | show 🗑
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| show | forms posterior part of the hard palate.
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| show | extends from horizontal plate to the orbital process.
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| show | forms part of the floor of the orbit.
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| nasal bones | show 🗑
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| show | the entrances to the nasal cavity
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| Inferior nasal conchae | show 🗑
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| zygomatic bones | show 🗑
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| show | curves posteriorly to meet the zygomatic process of the temporal bones.
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| zygomaticofacial foramen | show 🗑
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| lacrimal bones | show 🗑
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| show | a groove along the anterior, lateral surface of the lacrimal bone, marks the location of the lacrimal sac.
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| show | forms the lower jaw
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| body of the mandible | show 🗑
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| alveolar process | show 🗑
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| mental protuberance | show 🗑
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| submandibular salivary gland | show 🗑
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| mylohyoid line | show 🗑
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| show | is the ascending part that begins at the mandibular angle on either side.
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| condylar process | show 🗑
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| show | insertion point for the temporalis muscle, a powerful muscle that closes the jaws.
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| show | is the depression that separates the condylar and coronoid processes.
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| show | are openings for nerves that carry sensory information from the lips and chin to the brain.
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| mandibular foramen | show 🗑
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| hyoid bone | show 🗑
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| stylohyoid ligaments | show 🗑
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| show | attachment site for muscles of the larynx, tongue, pharynx.
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| greater horns | show 🗑
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| show | lesser cornua, are attached to the stylohyoid ligaments; from these ligaments;
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| show | the mandible is pulled slightly out of alignment, generally by spasms in one of the jaw muscles.
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| show | bony recesses that contain eyes
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| show | seven bones of each orbit.
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| show | includes the bones that enclose the nasal cavities and the paranasal sinuses
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| show | air filled chambers connected to the nasal cavities.
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| show | the largest fibrous areas between the cranial bones
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| show | consist of 26 bones
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| vertebra | show 🗑
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| sacrum | show 🗑
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| show | tailbone
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| show | constitute the neck and extend inferiorly to the trunk
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| thoracic vertebrae | show 🗑
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| show | 5, form inferior portion of the back.
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| primary curves | show 🗑
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| accomodation curves | show 🗑
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| show | do not appear until several months after birth.
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| show | secondary curves, help shift the weight to permit an upright posture.
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| vertebral body | show 🗑
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| show | pads of fibrocartilage.
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| show | forms the posterior margin of each vertebral foramen
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| show | walls of the vertebral arch
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| show | flat layers
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| show | encloses the spinal cord
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| spinous process | show 🗑
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| show | project laterally or dorsolaterally on both sides from the point where the laminae join the pedicles.
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| show | arise at the junction between the pedicles and the laminae.
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| show | lie on each side of the vertebra
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| articular facet | show 🗑
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| intervertebral foramina | show 🗑
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| costal processes | show 🗑
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| show | notched spinous process.
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| show | surrounded by costal and transverse processes encircle prominent. These passageways to protect the vertebral arteries and vertabral veins.
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| whiplash | show 🗑
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| Atlas | show 🗑
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| show | bound the large round vertebral foramen
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| axis | show 🗑
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| dens | show 🗑
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| vertebra prominens | show 🗑
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| show | stout elsatic ligament, begins at the vertebra prominens and extends to an isertion along the occipital crest of the skull.
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| show | on the vertebral bodies articulate with the heads of the ribs.
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| transverse costal facets | show 🗑
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| show | passageway that begins between these articular processes and extends the length of the sacrum.
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| show | ridge formed by the fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae
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| sacral cornua | show 🗑
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| sacral hiatus | show 🗑
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| sacral foramina | show 🗑
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| show | on each side is a ridge that represents the fused transverse processes of sacral vertebrae.
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| auricular surface | show 🗑
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| sacral tuberosity | show 🗑
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| show | inferior portion of the sacrum
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| show | the superior portion.
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| sacral promontory | show 🗑
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| show | extends on either side
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| coccygeal cornua | show 🗑
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| thoracic cage | show 🗑
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| show | vertebrosternal ribs
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| show | catilaginous extensions.
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| show | ribs 8 - 17
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| head | show 🗑
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| tubercle | show 🗑
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| show | shaft
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| show | breastbone
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| show | articulated with thw clavicles (collarbone) and the cartilages of the first pair of ribs.
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| jugular notch | show 🗑
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| show | attaches to the inferior surface of the manubrium and extends inferiorly along the midline.
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| xiphoid process | show 🗑
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