Human Anatomy Introduction
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| microscopic anatomoy | cytology: cells & histology: tissues
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| organs | combination of tissues
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| four basic tissue types | connective, muscular, nervous, epithelial
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| gross anatomy (macroscopic) | surface anatomy: general form (morphology) and superficial anatomical markings
regional: all superficial and deep features and their spatial relationships
systemic: each individual organ system (11)
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| developmental anatomy | form changes occuring from conception to physical maturity. includes embryology
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| comparative anatomy | different types of animals
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| clinical anatomy | pathological changes during illness in cells/organs
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| surgical anatomy | anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures
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| radiographic anatomy | x-rays, ultrasounds, etc. performed on intact bodies
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| cross-sectional anatomy | CT and MRI
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| Molecular (Chemical) level | atoms > molecules > macromolecules (chemicals)
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| Four elements that make up 99% of total number of atoms in the body | hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen
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| cellular level | cells with internal structures (organelles)
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| tissue level | similiar cells with a common function join together
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| homeostasis | vital state of affairs
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| integumentary system | skin; protection and controls body temperature
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| cutaneous membrane | integumentary system: epidermis/dermis: covers surface & protects deeper tissues / nourishes epidermis, provides strength & contains glands
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| hair follicles | integumentary system: hairs, produce hair, innervation provides sensation, sebaceous glands secrete lipid coating that lubricates hair shaft and epidermis
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| sweat glands | integumentary system: produce perspiration for evaporative cooling
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| nails | integumentary system: protect and stiffen distal tips of digits
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| sensory receptors | integumentary system: provide sensations of touch, pressure, temp & pain
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| subcutaneous layer | integrumentary system: stores lipids & attaches skin to deeper structures
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| skeletal system (ppsf) | provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, forms blood cells
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| bones, cartilages & joints | skeletal system: protects brain, spinal cord, sense organs and soft tissues of thoracic cavity & supports the body weight over the lower limbs.
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| bone marrow | skeletal system: primary site of blood cell production; storage of energy reserves in fat cells
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| muscular system | allows for locomotion, provides support, produces heat
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| skeletal muscles | muscular system: provide skeletal movement, control entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts and exits of digestive and urinary tracts
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| axial muscles | muscular system: support and position axial skeleton
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| appendicular muscles | muscular system: support, move, and brace limbs
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| tendons & aponeuroses | muscular system: harness forces of contraction to perform specific tasks
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| nervous system | directs immediate responses to stimuli; usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
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| central nervous system | nervous system: control center, processes info; provides short term control over activities of other systems
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| brain | nervous system: commplex integrative functions, controls both voluntary and involuntary activities
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| spinal cord | nervous system: relay info to and from brain, performs less complex integrative functions, directs many simple involuntary activities
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| special senses | nervous system: provide sensory input to the brain (sight, hearing, smell, taste and equilibrium)
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| peripheral nervous system | nervous system: links the central nervous system with other systems and with sense organs
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| endocrine system | directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems
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| pineal gland | endocrine: control timing of reproductions and set day/night rhythms
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| pituitary gland | endocrine: controls endocrine glands, regulates growth and fluid balance
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| thyroid gland | endocrine: controls tissue metabolic rate, regulates calcium levels
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| parathyroid glands | endocrine: regulate calcium levels
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| thymus | endocrine: controls maturation of lymphocytes
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| suprarenal glands | endocrine: adjust water balance, tissue metabolisn, cardiovascular and respiratory activitiy
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| kidneys | endocrine: control red blood cell production and elevate blood pressure
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| pancreas | endocrine & digest: regulates blood glucose levels
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| gonads | endocrine: testes support male sexual characteristics and reproduction & ovaries support female sexual characteristics and reproduction
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| cardiovascular system | transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes and gases
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| heart | cardio system: propels blood & maintains blood pressure
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| blood vessels | cardio: distribute blood around the body
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| arteries | cardio: carry blood from heart to capillaries
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| capillaries | cardio: permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids (fluid between the cells of the body)
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| veins | cardio: return blood from capillaries to heart
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| blood | cardio: transports oxygen, co2, and blood cells; delivers nutrients and hormones, removes waste products, assists in temp. regulation and defense against disease
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| lymphoid system | defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream
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| lymphatic vessels | lymp: carry lymph (water and proteins) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of the cardio system
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| lymph nodes | lymph: monitor composition of lymph; engulf pathogens, stimulate immune response
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| spleen | lymph: monitors circulating blood, engulfs pathogens and recyles red blood cells, stimulates immunte response
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| thymus | lymph: controls development and maintenance of one class of lymphocyctes (T cells)
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| respiratory system | delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood
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| nasal cavities & paranasal sinuses | resp: filter, warm, humidify air, detect smells
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| pharynx | resp & digestive: conducts air to larynx (chamber shared with the digestive tract)
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| larynx | resp: protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords
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| trachea | resp: filters air, traps particles in mucus, cartilages keep airway open
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| bronchi | resp: same function as trachea except through volume changes
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| lungs & alveoli | resp: responsible for air movement during rib and diaphragm movement; include airways and alveoli (act as sites of gas exchange between air and blood)
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| digestive system | processes food and absorbs nutrients
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| mouth | digest: receptacle for food
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| salivary glands | digest: buffers & lubrications; produce enzyms that begin digestion
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| esophagus | digest: delivers food to stomach
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| stomach | digest: secretes acids and enzymes
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| small intestine | digest: secretes digestive enzymes, buffers, and hormones; absorbs nutrients
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| liver | digest: secretes bile, regulates nutrient composition of blood
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| gallbladder | digest: stores and concentrates bile for release into small intestine
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| large intestine | digest: removes water from fecal material; stores wastes
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| urinary system | eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products
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| kidneys | urinary: form/concentrate urine, regulate blood pH and ion concentrations; perform endocrine functions
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| ureters | urinary: conduct urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
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| urunary bladder | urinary: stores urine for eventual elimination
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| urethra | urinary: conducts urine to exterior
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| male reproductive system | produces sex cells & hormones
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| testes | repro: sperm and hormones
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| epididymis | repro: sperm maturation
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| ductus deferens | repro: sperm duct
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| seminal glands | repro: secrete fluid that makes up much of the volume of semen
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| prostate gland | repro: secretes fluid and enzymes
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| female reproductive system | produces sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic development
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| ovaries | repro: produce oocytes and hormones
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| uterine tubes | repro: deliver oocyte or embryo to uterus (fertilization site)
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| uterus | repro: site of embryonic development and exchange between maternal and embryonic bloodstreams
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| differentation | cells becoming specialized to perform particular functions
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| metabolism | all chemical operations under way in the body
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| catabolism | complex molecules > simple
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| anabolism | simple > complex molecules
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| cephalic | head
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| cervical | neck
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| thoracic | chest
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| brachial | upper limb closest to trunk (arm)
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| antebrachial | forearm
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| carpal | wrist
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| manual | hand
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| abdominal | abdomen
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| pelvic | pelvis
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| pubic | anterior pelvis
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| inguinal | groin
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| lumbar | lower back
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| gluteal | butt
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| femoral | thigh
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| patellar | kneecap
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| crural | leg (anterior)
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| sural | calf
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| tarsal | ankle
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| pedal | foot
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| sole | plantar region of foot
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| supine | face up
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| prone | face down
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| frons | forehead
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| nasus | nose
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| auris | ear
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| bucca | cheek
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| hallux | toe
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| mentis | chin
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| oris | mouth
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| posterior/dorsal | back side
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| anterior/ventral | front side
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| cranial | towards the head
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| caual | away from the head (toward 'tail')
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| superior | above
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| inferior | below
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| medial | toward the midline
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| lateral | away from midline
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| proximal | toward attached base (upper thigh)
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| distal | away from attached base (foot)
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| superficial | at/near/relatively close to the body surface
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| deep | toward the interior of the body
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| transverse | cut in half horizontally
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| sagittal | symmetrical cut
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| frontal | front and back differentation
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| body cavities | internal chambers that suspend organs for protection
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| ventral body cavity | coelom; organs of the respiratory, cardio, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
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| diaphragm | separates the ventral body cavity into a superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity
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| viscera | internal organs that project into the cavities
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| thoracic cavity | lungs, heart, thymus, inferior esophagus, lymphoid systems, cardiovascular system and respiratory system
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| mediastinum | seperates the thoracic cavity into left and right pleural cavities
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| pleural cavity | contains lungs
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| pericardial cavity | small cavity that surrounds the heart
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| pericardium | serous membrane covering the heart
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| abdominal cavity | contains spleen, liver, stomach, kidneys, pancreas, and small intestine and most of the large intestine
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| pelvic cavity | last part of the large intestine, urinary bladder and reproductive organs
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| thoracic cavity breaks down into... | right pleural, mediastinum >pericardial cavity, left pleural
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| abdominopelvic cavity breaks down into... | abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
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