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HA Ch. 1
Human Anatomy Introduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| microscopic anatomoy | cytology: cells & histology: tissues |
| organs | combination of tissues |
| four basic tissue types | connective, muscular, nervous, epithelial |
| gross anatomy (macroscopic) | surface anatomy: general form (morphology) and superficial anatomical markings regional: all superficial and deep features and their spatial relationships systemic: each individual organ system (11) |
| developmental anatomy | form changes occuring from conception to physical maturity. includes embryology |
| comparative anatomy | different types of animals |
| clinical anatomy | pathological changes during illness in cells/organs |
| surgical anatomy | anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures |
| radiographic anatomy | x-rays, ultrasounds, etc. performed on intact bodies |
| cross-sectional anatomy | CT and MRI |
| Molecular (Chemical) level | atoms > molecules > macromolecules (chemicals) |
| Four elements that make up 99% of total number of atoms in the body | hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen |
| cellular level | cells with internal structures (organelles) |
| tissue level | similiar cells with a common function join together |
| homeostasis | vital state of affairs |
| integumentary system | skin; protection and controls body temperature |
| cutaneous membrane | integumentary system: epidermis/dermis: covers surface & protects deeper tissues / nourishes epidermis, provides strength & contains glands |
| hair follicles | integumentary system: hairs, produce hair, innervation provides sensation, sebaceous glands secrete lipid coating that lubricates hair shaft and epidermis |
| sweat glands | integumentary system: produce perspiration for evaporative cooling |
| nails | integumentary system: protect and stiffen distal tips of digits |
| sensory receptors | integumentary system: provide sensations of touch, pressure, temp & pain |
| subcutaneous layer | integrumentary system: stores lipids & attaches skin to deeper structures |
| skeletal system (ppsf) | provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, forms blood cells |
| bones, cartilages & joints | skeletal system: protects brain, spinal cord, sense organs and soft tissues of thoracic cavity & supports the body weight over the lower limbs. |
| bone marrow | skeletal system: primary site of blood cell production; storage of energy reserves in fat cells |
| muscular system | allows for locomotion, provides support, produces heat |
| skeletal muscles | muscular system: provide skeletal movement, control entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts and exits of digestive and urinary tracts |
| axial muscles | muscular system: support and position axial skeleton |
| appendicular muscles | muscular system: support, move, and brace limbs |
| tendons & aponeuroses | muscular system: harness forces of contraction to perform specific tasks |
| nervous system | directs immediate responses to stimuli; usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems |
| central nervous system | nervous system: control center, processes info; provides short term control over activities of other systems |
| brain | nervous system: commplex integrative functions, controls both voluntary and involuntary activities |
| spinal cord | nervous system: relay info to and from brain, performs less complex integrative functions, directs many simple involuntary activities |
| special senses | nervous system: provide sensory input to the brain (sight, hearing, smell, taste and equilibrium) |
| peripheral nervous system | nervous system: links the central nervous system with other systems and with sense organs |
| endocrine system | directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems |
| pineal gland | endocrine: control timing of reproductions and set day/night rhythms |
| pituitary gland | endocrine: controls endocrine glands, regulates growth and fluid balance |
| thyroid gland | endocrine: controls tissue metabolic rate, regulates calcium levels |
| parathyroid glands | endocrine: regulate calcium levels |
| thymus | endocrine: controls maturation of lymphocytes |
| suprarenal glands | endocrine: adjust water balance, tissue metabolisn, cardiovascular and respiratory activitiy |
| kidneys | endocrine: control red blood cell production and elevate blood pressure |
| pancreas | endocrine & digest: regulates blood glucose levels |
| gonads | endocrine: testes support male sexual characteristics and reproduction & ovaries support female sexual characteristics and reproduction |
| cardiovascular system | transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes and gases |
| heart | cardio system: propels blood & maintains blood pressure |
| blood vessels | cardio: distribute blood around the body |
| arteries | cardio: carry blood from heart to capillaries |
| capillaries | cardio: permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids (fluid between the cells of the body) |
| veins | cardio: return blood from capillaries to heart |
| blood | cardio: transports oxygen, co2, and blood cells; delivers nutrients and hormones, removes waste products, assists in temp. regulation and defense against disease |
| lymphoid system | defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream |
| lymphatic vessels | lymp: carry lymph (water and proteins) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of the cardio system |
| lymph nodes | lymph: monitor composition of lymph; engulf pathogens, stimulate immune response |
| spleen | lymph: monitors circulating blood, engulfs pathogens and recyles red blood cells, stimulates immunte response |
| thymus | lymph: controls development and maintenance of one class of lymphocyctes (T cells) |
| respiratory system | delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood |
| nasal cavities & paranasal sinuses | resp: filter, warm, humidify air, detect smells |
| pharynx | resp & digestive: conducts air to larynx (chamber shared with the digestive tract) |
| larynx | resp: protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords |
| trachea | resp: filters air, traps particles in mucus, cartilages keep airway open |
| bronchi | resp: same function as trachea except through volume changes |
| lungs & alveoli | resp: responsible for air movement during rib and diaphragm movement; include airways and alveoli (act as sites of gas exchange between air and blood) |
| digestive system | processes food and absorbs nutrients |
| mouth | digest: receptacle for food |
| salivary glands | digest: buffers & lubrications; produce enzyms that begin digestion |
| esophagus | digest: delivers food to stomach |
| stomach | digest: secretes acids and enzymes |
| small intestine | digest: secretes digestive enzymes, buffers, and hormones; absorbs nutrients |
| liver | digest: secretes bile, regulates nutrient composition of blood |
| gallbladder | digest: stores and concentrates bile for release into small intestine |
| large intestine | digest: removes water from fecal material; stores wastes |
| urinary system | eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products |
| kidneys | urinary: form/concentrate urine, regulate blood pH and ion concentrations; perform endocrine functions |
| ureters | urinary: conduct urine from kidneys to urinary bladder |
| urunary bladder | urinary: stores urine for eventual elimination |
| urethra | urinary: conducts urine to exterior |
| male reproductive system | produces sex cells & hormones |
| testes | repro: sperm and hormones |
| epididymis | repro: sperm maturation |
| ductus deferens | repro: sperm duct |
| seminal glands | repro: secrete fluid that makes up much of the volume of semen |
| prostate gland | repro: secretes fluid and enzymes |
| female reproductive system | produces sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic development |
| ovaries | repro: produce oocytes and hormones |
| uterine tubes | repro: deliver oocyte or embryo to uterus (fertilization site) |
| uterus | repro: site of embryonic development and exchange between maternal and embryonic bloodstreams |
| differentation | cells becoming specialized to perform particular functions |
| metabolism | all chemical operations under way in the body |
| catabolism | complex molecules > simple |
| anabolism | simple > complex molecules |
| cephalic | head |
| cervical | neck |
| thoracic | chest |
| brachial | upper limb closest to trunk (arm) |
| antebrachial | forearm |
| carpal | wrist |
| manual | hand |
| abdominal | abdomen |
| pelvic | pelvis |
| pubic | anterior pelvis |
| inguinal | groin |
| lumbar | lower back |
| gluteal | butt |
| femoral | thigh |
| patellar | kneecap |
| crural | leg (anterior) |
| sural | calf |
| tarsal | ankle |
| pedal | foot |
| sole | plantar region of foot |
| supine | face up |
| prone | face down |
| frons | forehead |
| nasus | nose |
| auris | ear |
| bucca | cheek |
| hallux | toe |
| mentis | chin |
| oris | mouth |
| posterior/dorsal | back side |
| anterior/ventral | front side |
| cranial | towards the head |
| caual | away from the head (toward 'tail') |
| superior | above |
| inferior | below |
| medial | toward the midline |
| lateral | away from midline |
| proximal | toward attached base (upper thigh) |
| distal | away from attached base (foot) |
| superficial | at/near/relatively close to the body surface |
| deep | toward the interior of the body |
| transverse | cut in half horizontally |
| sagittal | symmetrical cut |
| frontal | front and back differentation |
| body cavities | internal chambers that suspend organs for protection |
| ventral body cavity | coelom; organs of the respiratory, cardio, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems |
| diaphragm | separates the ventral body cavity into a superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity |
| viscera | internal organs that project into the cavities |
| thoracic cavity | lungs, heart, thymus, inferior esophagus, lymphoid systems, cardiovascular system and respiratory system |
| mediastinum | seperates the thoracic cavity into left and right pleural cavities |
| pleural cavity | contains lungs |
| pericardial cavity | small cavity that surrounds the heart |
| pericardium | serous membrane covering the heart |
| abdominal cavity | contains spleen, liver, stomach, kidneys, pancreas, and small intestine and most of the large intestine |
| pelvic cavity | last part of the large intestine, urinary bladder and reproductive organs |
| thoracic cavity breaks down into... | right pleural, mediastinum >pericardial cavity, left pleural |
| abdominopelvic cavity breaks down into... | abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity |
Created by:
handrzej
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