Digestive System
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| show | Digestive Tract and Accessory Organs
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| What other names is the Digestive Tract called? | show 🗑
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| show | mouth, pharnyx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines.
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| show | teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder & pancreas
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| show | digestion, absorption & metabolism
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| What is ingestion? | show 🗑
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| show | food broken down into smaller particles (chewing) and Churning & mixing actions in stomach
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| show | complex molecules of carbs, proteins & fats are transformed by chemical digestion into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by cells.
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| What is hydrolysis? | show 🗑
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| show | speed up the hydrolysis process
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| What pathway does the food go through? | show 🗑
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| show | deglutition
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| What are mixing movements? | show 🗑
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| Peristalsis | show 🗑
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| What is Absorption? | show 🗑
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| What is Elimination? | show 🗑
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| How long is the digestive tract? | show 🗑
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| show | Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscular layer (muscularis), Serous Layer or Serosa
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| show | the innermost tunic
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| show | lines lumen of digestive tract. In certain regions it develops folds. Increases surface area for absorption.
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| show | epithelium, loose connective tissue, smooth muscle
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| show | Mucus, digestive enzymes, hormones
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| What is Submucosa? | show 🗑
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| show | Blood & lymphatic vessels. Also contains nerves that form a network called Submucosal Plexus
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| show | carries away absorbed nutrients
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| show | Provides autonomic nerve impulses to the muscle layers of digestive tract
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| List two Muscle Layers (muscularis) | show 🗑
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| show | Contraction causes decrease in diameter of the tube
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| show | contraction causes shortening of the tube
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| show | Network of automoic nerve fibers between muscle layers
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| show | controls movements and secretions of digestive tract (along with submucosal plexus)
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| show | Outermost Layer
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| Where is the Adventitia located? | show 🗑
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| What is Adventitia composed of? | show 🗑
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| Where is Serosa located? | show 🗑
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| show | layer of epithelium covering the connective tissue (visceral peritoneum)
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| show | Serous fluid for lubrication which allows abdominal organs to move smoothly against each other
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| show | 1. Receives food by ingestion
2. Breaks food into small particles
3. Mixes food with saliva
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| What is the function of Cheeks? | show 🗑
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| show | Folds of skeletal muscle. Covered with a thin transparent epithelium
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| What is function of lips? | show 🗑
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| show | blood vessels underlying the epithelium
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| show | Covered by skin & subcutaneous tissue. Lined with mucus membrane (SSE)
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| show | Skeletal muscle
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| What is the major attachment for tongue? | show 🗑
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| show | connects tongue to floor of mouth
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| show | tiny projections on dorsal surface of tongue
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| show | Provides friction for manipulating food in mouth and contains the taste buds
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| What is function of lingual tonsils? | show 🗑
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| show | manipulates food in mouth for mastication and moves food around
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| show | to mix it with saliva, shape it into a ball-like mass (bolus) and to direct it toward the pharynx for swallowing
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| show | 10 teeth in each jaw. So a total of 20
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| show | 16 in each jaw. So a total of 32
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| Describe Incisors | show 🗑
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| show | cone-shaped and have points. Used for grasping and tearing food
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| show | flat surfaces with rounded projections. Used for crushing and grinding food
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| List 3 parts of a tooth | show 🗑
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| What is the Crown? | show 🗑
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| What is the Root of a tooth? | show 🗑
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| show | Small region in which the crown and root meet. Adjacent to the gingival (or gum)
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| What is the Pulp Cavity? | show 🗑
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| show | Consists of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves
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| Where is Pulp located? | show 🗑
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| show | term used to describe the pulp cavity located in the root of the tooth
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| Apical Foramen | show 🗑
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| Dentin | show 🗑
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| What is Cementum? | show 🗑
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| What are functions of Cementum? | show 🗑
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| show | firmly anchor root in the alveolar process
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| Enamel | show 🗑
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| show | Enamel
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| show | Parotid Glands
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| Where are Parotid Glands located? | show 🗑
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| show | in floor of mouth
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| show | Also located in floor of mouth. Anterior to the submandibular glands and under the tongue
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| show | water, mucus and amylase (enzyme)
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| What are functions of Saliva? | show 🗑
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| What does Pharynx connect? | show 🗑
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| show | Masses of lymphoid tissue located near the Fauces
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| Where does the Laryngopharynx open into? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Food forced into pharynx by tongue 2. When food reaches Fauces the sensory receptors intiate swallowing reflex. Then Peristaltic movements propel food from pharynx into esophagus
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| When eating food what does the Uvula do? | show 🗑
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| show | Drops downward and prevents food from entering the larynx. It directs food into esophagus
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| show | Collapsible muscular tube
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| What is function of the Esophagus? | show 🗑
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| show | behind the trachea and in front of vertebral column
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| show | controls movement of food between esophagus & stomach
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| Where is stomach located? | show 🗑
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| Where does stomach receive food from? | show 🗑
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| show | 1.5 liters
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| What is the Cardiac Region? | show 🗑
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| show | Most superior Region of stomach
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| show | Balloons above cardiac region to form a temporary storage area
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| show | Main portion of the stomach
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| show | Lesser Curvature: Concave
Greater Curvature: Convex
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| What is Pyloric Region? | show 🗑
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| show | Acts as a valve between the stomach & small intestines
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| What is the function of the muscular layer in wall of stomach? | show 🗑
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| show | Longitudinal folds in the wall of the stomach
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| show | Allows the stomach to expand
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| What are Exocrine Gastric Glands composed of? | show 🗑
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| What do Exocrine Glands Secrete? | show 🗑
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| What do Mucous Cells secrete? | show 🗑
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| show | Hydrochloric Acid
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| show | Kills bacteria and provides an acidic environment for the action of enzymes in the stomach
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| show | Pepsinogen. Begins digestion of proteins into polypeptides
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| show | inactive form of the enzyme pepsin
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| show | Converts inactive pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin. This begins chemical digestion of proteins
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| show | Gastrin. Which regulates gastric activity
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| What does Churning action of stomach wall muscles do? | show 🗑
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| How does Chyme leave the stomach? | show 🗑
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| List 3 Regulations of Gastric Secretions | show 🗑
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| What does Cephalic Phase do? | show 🗑
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| show | thinking about food and seeing, smelling or tasting
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| What happens when impulses are sent through vagus nerve to stomach? | show 🗑
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| What is pathway of Gastrin? | show 🗑
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| When does Gastric Phase begin? | show 🗑
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| What does Gastrin consist of? | show 🗑
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| What does Hydrochloric Acid do in the Regulation of Gastric Secretions? | show 🗑
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| What does the Intestinal Phase do? | show 🗑
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| What is Intestinal Phase triggered by? | show 🗑
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| show | distention and the presence of acid chyme in duodenum
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| show | inhibitory responses stop and gastric secretion is again stimulated
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| As Chyme accumulates what does the pyloric sphincter do? | show 🗑
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| how long do fatty foods stay in stomach? | show 🗑
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| show | finishes process of digestion, absorbs nutrients and passes residue to large intestine
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| Where is the Small Intestine located? | show 🗑
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| show | circular folds in the wall of the intestines. They increase surface area for absorption
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| What are Villi? | show 🗑
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| show | Surrounds a blood capillary network and a lymph capillary (lacteal) and absorbs nutrients
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| show | between the adjacent Villi
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| List the 3 regions of the small intestine | show 🗑
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| What is the Duodenum? | show 🗑
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| Jejunum | show 🗑
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| show | Last portion of small intestine
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| show | extension of peritoneum. Suspends intestines from the abdominal wall
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| show | enzye that activates a protein-splitting enzyme (trypsinogen) from pancreas
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| Where does the Large Intestine begin? | show 🗑
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| What are Epiploic Appendages? | show 🗑
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| show | to Cecum. It has no function in digestion
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| show | Absorption of fluid & electrolytes and to eliminate waste
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| What is the largest gland in body? | show 🗑
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| Where is the liver located? | show 🗑
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| How many lobes is the Liver divided into? | show 🗑
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| show | attaches liver to abdominal wall. It separates right lobe from left lobe (major lobes)
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| Name the two Minor Lobes of Liver | show 🗑
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| show | carries bile
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| show | venous channels that separate the plates of hepatocytes.
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| Function of Sinusoids? | show 🗑
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| What does the portal triads consist of? | show 🗑
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| show | produces and secretes bile
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| show | Iron, glycogen, Vitams A, B12, D, E & K
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| show | hormones, drugs, cholesterol, bile pigments
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| show | Breakdown of fatty acids. Synthesis of cholesterol. Converts excess carbs and proteins into fat
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| What is carb metabolism? | show 🗑
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| show | converts amino acids into different amino acids (as needed for protein synthesis)
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| show | removes bacteria, damaged red blood cells and other particles from blood
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| How much bile is produced in one day | show 🗑
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| What is function of Bile Salts? | show 🗑
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| Where are bile pigments produced from? | show 🗑
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| How is gallbladder attached to liver? | show 🗑
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| show | the cystic duct joins the hepatic duct
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| show | goes into the cystic duct
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| show | to store and concentrate bile
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| What stimulates the gallbladder? | show 🗑
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| show | elongated and flattened organ
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| show | along posterior abdominal wall
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| Where is head of pancrease located? | show 🗑
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| show | insulin and glucagon into blood
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| show | pancreatic acinar cells
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| What does Pancreatic Amylas act on? | show 🗑
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| show | protein
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| What activates Trypsin? | show 🗑
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| What is function of pancreatic lipase? | show 🗑
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| show | stimulates pancrease to produce a fluid with bicarbonate ions. Which neutralizes the acids in the duodenum
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| What speeds up hydrolysis? | show 🗑
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| What breaks down starches & complex carbs? | show 🗑
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| show | sucrose, maltose and lactose
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| show | monosaccharides (simple sugars)
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| What secretes Pepsin | show 🗑
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| What activates pepsin | show 🗑
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| What is Trypsin secreted by? | show 🗑
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| What do pepsin & trypsin break down? | show 🗑
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| show | produces amino acids and is absorbable end product of protein digestion
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| Where is the only place Lipid Fat Digestion occurs? | show 🗑
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| What happens to Fat when it enters the Duodenum? | show 🗑
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| What is function of Pancreatic Lipases? | show 🗑
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| show | 10 liters
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| show | less than 1 liter
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| show | 9 liters
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| show | entire length of small intestine. Mostly in jejunum
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| show | some water, indigestible materials and bacteria
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