Veterinary Pathology of the Urinary System 227.301 1st Sem
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| Signs of renal insufficiency occur only after loss of ____? | show 🗑
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| show | 75% of nephrons.
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| Nephrons function as a ____. | show 🗑
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| Localised damage to one portion of a nephron eventually leads to ____. | show 🗑
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| show | concentrated urine, conservation of body water, metabolic waste, acid-base status, potassium concentration, regulatory hormones
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| show | Erythropoietin, renin, and active Vitamin D
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| show | uraemia
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| The term uraemia is a term that refers to ____? | show 🗑
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| show | polyuria, polydipsia, acidosis, waste products of protein metabolism, azotaemia, erythropoietin, active Vitamin D
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| Increased urine production due to loss of urine concentrating ability = | show 🗑
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| show | polydipsia
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| show | azotaemia
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| show | protein
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| show | muscle phosphocreatine
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| Four types of azotaemia (based on where the problem occurs) are ____, ____, ____, and ____. | show 🗑
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| show | Pre-renal
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| Azotaemia that occurs with compromised renal function, when at least 75% of nephrons are damaged. | show 🗑
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| Azotaemia that occurs when there is an obstruction of urinary excretion. | show 🗑
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| Azotaemia that occurs when renal function is normal. | show 🗑
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| show | renal, non-renal
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| show | Renal, acute, chronic
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| ____ lesions tend to appear only in cases of ____ renal failure. These lesions result from ____, and tend to become more severe with ____. | show 🗑
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| List 6 categories of non-renal lesions that may be seen in an animal with chronic renal failure. | show 🗑
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| show | Nephrotic, glomeruli, protein, albumin, urine
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| The typical signs of nephrotic syndrome are ____, ____, and ____. These signs are due to ____, ____ due to loss of ____, and ____. | show 🗑
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| Complete failure of development of one or both kidneys | show 🗑
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| Development of abnormally small kidneys | show 🗑
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| Abnormal architecture of one or both kidneys | show 🗑
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| show | Ectopic kidneys
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| show | "Horseshoe" kidneys
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| show | Congenital cystic kidney disease
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| The components of the glomerulus are the capillary ____ with its ____ lining, the capillary ____, the ____ (made up of mesenchymal cells and matrix), and the ____ epithelial cells (called ____) with their ____ processes (____ processes). | show 🗑
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| Conditions in which damage to the glomerular filtration mechanism results in leakage of low-molecular weight proteins into the urine are called ____. | show 🗑
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| show | filtration, albumin, proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, oedema, ascites, nephrotic
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| show | Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis and glomerular amyloidosis
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| show | Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis
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| show | Glomerular amyloidosis
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| In one form of protein-losing nephropathy, the presence of ____ in the ____ results in activation of the ____. This in turn causes attraction of ____ and production of ____ such as ____ and ____, which then damage the ____. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Complexes formed in situ (anti-basement membrane disease) due to targeting of antigens in the membrane; 2. Complexes formed in circulation, then filtered & deposited. Usually idiopathic; may be due to underlying chronic disease w/+++ immune complexes.
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| Describe the gross lesions of chronic immune-mediated glomerulonephritis. | show 🗑
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| Glomerular amyloidosis causes disruption of the ____ mechanism and loss of ____ (especialliy ____) into the urine. When severe, this can result in ____ syndrome. | show 🗑
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| When large amounts of ____ are deposited in ____, the blood supply to the ____ nephron can be impeded, resulting in ____ and ____ of the tubules, and later in interstitial ____. | show 🗑
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| show | The kidneys are enlarged, pale, and waxy. On the cut surface, the cortex may be faintly granular.
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| ____ amyloidosis is the most common form in ____, while ____ amyloidosis is more common in _____. An exception is in ____, where both the _____ and ____ may be involved. | show 🗑
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| Deposition of amyloid within the kidney may cause what important syndrome in domestic animals? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Idiopathic; 2. Overproduction of serum amyloid A (SAA)
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| SAA is an ____ protein that is produced in large amounts during ____ diseases. | show 🗑
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| Most cases of medullary amyloidosis are ____. | show 🗑
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| show | severe, compression, blood supply, ischaemia, necrosis, papilla
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| Bacteria in the blood that lodge in the kidney can cause either ____ or ____, depending on whether they lodge in the ____ or the ____. | show 🗑
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| show | Red or white spots are seen scattered throughout the cortex.
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| A form of glomerulitis that results in a marked neutrophilic response is called ____ glomerulitis. | show 🗑
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| show | mononuclear, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages
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| The bacterium ____ causes a suppurative glomerulitis in neonatal foals called ____ disease. These foals present with ____, ____, and signs of systemic bacterial infection including ____, hot ____. The route of infection is usually the ____. | show 🗑
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| The cells, matrix, and vessels that lie between the tubules and glomeruli of the kidney | show 🗑
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| Any inflammatory disease of the kidney that predominantly affects the interstitium | show 🗑
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| show | The kidneys have multiple pale foci of inflammation.
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| show | 1. Leptospirosis in pigs; 2. E. coli septicaemia in cattle (white spotted kidney disease); 3. malignant catarrhal fever in cattle & deer; 4. granulomatous interstitial nephritis (e.g., FIP in cats)
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| show | lymphosarcoma, granulomatous interstitial nephritis, FIP, FIP
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| Besides FIPV in cats, what organisms can cause granulomatous interstitial nephritis? | show 🗑
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| show | interstitial fibrosis
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| show | Idiopathic chronic renal failure.
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| Describe the gross lesions of chronic renal failure. | show 🗑
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| show | Chronic interstitial nephritis, renal infarction, pyelonephritis, idiopathic chronic renal failure
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| show | pyelonephritis
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| show | chronic renal failure
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| show | interstitial nephritis (Lepto, E. coli, FIPV, malignant catarrhal fever)
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| show | acute glomerulitis
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| show | immune-mediated glomerulonephritis
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| What are the two general categories of renal tubular diseases? | show 🗑
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| show | nephrosis
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| show | Ischaemia and toxins
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| show | proximal, metabolic rate
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| Animals with severe tubular damage affecting a large number of nephrons often show signs of ____, particularly ____ or ____. | show 🗑
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| show | blood, oxygen, ischaemic tubular necrosis
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| show | haemolytic, copper, leptospirosis, haemolytic anaemia, muscle, myoglobinuria, capture myopathy, vasoconstrivtion, shock
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| show | heavy metals, antibiotics, NSAIDs, plant toxins, oxalates, Vitamin D, fungal toxins
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| Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney parenchyma is called ____. | show 🗑
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| show | An ascending infection originating in the lower uniary tract.
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| Name and describe a mechanism by which an infection of the lower urinary tract can ascend into the kidney. | show 🗑
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| Name several conditions that predispose to ureterovesicular reflux. | show 🗑
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| show | Females, short, large, urethra
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| show | E. coli, virulence, adhere, epithelium
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| Describe the gross lesions of pyelonephritis. | show 🗑
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| show | hyperaemic, in any inflammatory condition involving the kidneys
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| show | hypostatic congestion, down-side
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| show | Petechiae: small haemorrhages over the cortical surface of the kidneys
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| What is a common kidney lesion caused by canine herpes virus? | show 🗑
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| show | trauma, renal biopsy, or coagulopathies
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| What are two conditions that can cause wedges of fibrosis in the kidneys, and how can they be distinguished? | show 🗑
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| show | widespread damage, endothelial, DIC, negative septicaemias
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| show | Papillary, renal medullary, ischaemia, renal medulla
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| The renal ____ has a poor vascular supply, so it is particulary prone to ____ damage when blood flow to the kidney is ____. | show 🗑
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| Describe the lesions of papillary necrosis. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. NSAIDs; 2. increased intra-renal pressue causing compression of vessels; 3. dehydration; 4. shock
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| Haemoglobin in the urine (aka ____) is often assoicated with episodes of ____. | show 🗑
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| Dilation of the renal pelvis is called ____. | show 🗑
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| Hydronephrosis is usually due to an ____ ____ in the ureter or lower unrianry tract, but can also be caused by ____ ____. | show 🗑
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| show | Kidneys appear enlarged and sometimes cystic on radiograph. The pelvis is dilated. The medulla may be atrophic, with firm parenchyma. In pyonephrosis, the kidney may be a pus-filled sac.
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| ____ refers to inflammation of the pelivs or calyces of the kidney, and is usually part of a more extensive ____. | show 🗑
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| show | renal adenocarcinoma
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| In cats, the most common renal neoplasm is ____. | show 🗑
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| What is the most common malformation of the urinary bladder, and how does it present? | show 🗑
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| When the urachus fails to completely close, a ____ of the ___ may develop. ____ of urine within the ____ predisposes to ____ and formation of ____. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. urethral obstruction in small animals; 2. partruition in foals
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| Aggregates of crystalline material that form within the urinary tract are called ____. | show 🗑
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| Larger uroliths are called ___ or ___ while smaller ones are called ____. | show 🗑
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| show | Urinary stasis, dehydration, UTI, supersaturation of urine with specific minerals, urinary pH
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| Why are males predisposed to urinary tract obstruction? | show 🗑
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| In the past, urolithiasis in cats predominantly was caused by ____ crystals, which are made up of ____. In recent years, the incidence of urolithiasis due to these crystals has been much reduced, due to the development of special ____. | show 🗑
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| show | half, calcium phosphate
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| show | half, struvite, UTIs, ureases, precipitation
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| Approximately ___% of dogs with urolithiasis have calcium ____ uroliths. Another ____% are due to calcium ____, urates, ____, or ____. | show 🗑
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| Which are more prone to urolithiasis, male or female dogs? | show 🗑
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| show | Feeding sheep on concentrated diets, hay, or pastures containing high concentrations of phosphates, oestrogens(e.g., subterranean clover), or oxalates (e.g., brassicas, sorrel, dock)
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| show | horses and rabbits
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| Horses have high urinary concentrations of what substance? | show 🗑
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| Rabbits have high urinary concentrations of what substance(s)? | show 🗑
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| show | dysuria, straguria, haematuria, pollakuria, behavioural changes
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| List the clinical signs resulting from obstructive urolithiasis. | show 🗑
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| show | Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease: a clinical descriptive term that covers a variety of disease entities in cats that present with signs of lower urinary tract involvement (e.g., dysuria, straguria, haematuria, inappropriate urination, etc.)
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| show | Overweight, middle-aged, inactive, indoor neuteredmale cats are predisposed to FLUTD
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| show | 1 to 6%
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| The majority of FLUTD cases are ____. Specific causes include ____, ____, and ____. | show 🗑
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| show | obstructive, non-obstructive
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| show | urethral plugs, uroliths
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| Urethral plugs are composed of varying proportions of ____ ____ material and ____ material. The ____ material is belived to be derived from a ____ that leaks out of an inflammed ____ ____. | show 🗑
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| The most common presenting signs of obstructive FLUTD are ____ and ____. Owners often misinterpret this as ____, which is far less common than FLUTD. | show 🗑
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| Cases of suspected urinary tract obstruction should be treated as ____, because if not treated quickyly, ____ ____ ____, ____, or ____ ____ could result. | show 🗑
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| ____ and ___ FLUTD cannot be distinguished without a ____ ____, because the presenting signs are very similar. | show 🗑
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| Cats with non-obstructiev FLUTD often have a history of relapsing ____ and ____, and typically have bouts of clinical signs lasting ___ days, with each bout ____ ____. | show 🗑
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| Another name for idiopathic, non-obstructive FLUTD is ____ ____ ____ or ____ ____ ____.. | show 🗑
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| show | uropathogens
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| Conditions that predispose to bacterial cystitis include ____, ____, urine ____, ____ urine, and changes in urine ____. | show 🗑
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| Non-bacterial causes of cystitis include ____ agents, natural ____, ____, and ____ ____ ____. | show 🗑
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| list the signs of cystitis | show 🗑
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| Prolonged grazing on bracken fern can cause ____ cystitis (aka ____ ____) in cattle, ____ tumours, ____ suppression, and ____ deficiencies. | show 🗑
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