Veterinary Pathology of the Urinary System 227.301 1st Sem
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| show | approximately 1/2 to 2/3 of nephrons
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| Renal failure is evident only after loss of ____? | show 🗑
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| show | unit
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| show | necrosis/failure of the entire nephron
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| show | concentrated urine, conservation of body water, metabolic waste, acid-base status, potassium concentration, regulatory hormones
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| What vitamins and hormones does the kidney produce? | show 🗑
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| show | uraemia
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| The term uraemia is a term that refers to ____? | show 🗑
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| Signs of renal failure include ____, ____, metabolic ____, failure to excrete ____ resulting in ____, and decreased production of _____ and ____. | show 🗑
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| Increased urine production due to loss of urine concentrating ability = | show 🗑
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| Increased thirst as manifested by increased water intake = | show 🗑
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| Increased levels of urea and creatinine in the blood = | show 🗑
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| Urea is derived from the breakdown of ____. | show 🗑
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| Creatinine is derived from the breakdown of ____. | show 🗑
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| show | pre-renal, renal, post-renal, non-renal
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| Azotaemia that occurs in conditions that result in decreased bloodflow to the kidneys. | show 🗑
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| Azotaemia that occurs with compromised renal function, when at least 75% of nephrons are damaged. | show 🗑
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| show | Post-renal
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| show | Non-renal
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| show | renal, non-renal
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| show | Renal, acute, chronic
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| ____ lesions tend to appear only in cases of ____ renal failure. These lesions result from ____, and tend to become more severe with ____. | show 🗑
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| List 6 categories of non-renal lesions that may be seen in an animal with chronic renal failure. | show 🗑
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| show | Nephrotic, glomeruli, protein, albumin, urine
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| The typical signs of nephrotic syndrome are ____, ____, and ____. These signs are due to ____, ____ due to loss of ____, and ____. | show 🗑
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| Complete failure of development of one or both kidneys | show 🗑
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| show | Renal hypoplasia
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| Abnormal architecture of one or both kidneys | show 🗑
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| show | Ectopic kidneys
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| Fused kidneys | show 🗑
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| Development of cysts within the nephron during nephrogenesis | show 🗑
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| The components of the glomerulus are the capillary ____ with its ____ lining, the capillary ____, the ____ (made up of mesenchymal cells and matrix), and the ____ epithelial cells (called ____) with their ____ processes (____ processes). | show 🗑
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| show | protein-losing nephropathies
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| show | filtration, albumin, proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, oedema, ascites, nephrotic
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| show | Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis and glomerular amyloidosis
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| The presence of immune complexes in the glomerular basement membrane is indicative of what protein-losing nephropathy? | show 🗑
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| The presence of amyoid deposits in the glomerus or medullary interstitium is indicative of what protein-losing nephropathy? | show 🗑
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| show | immune complexes, glomerular basement membrane, complement cascade, neutrphils, mediators, proteases, free radicals, glomerular filtration barrier
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| Name and decribe two mechanisms by which immune complexes become embedded in the glomerular basement membrane. | show 🗑
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| show | The surface of the kidney may be pitted or granular. On the cut surface there may be atrophy of the cortex and some degree of interstitial fibrosis.
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| show | filtration, protein, albumin, nephrotic
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| When large amounts of ____ are deposited in ____, the blood supply to the ____ nephron can be impeded, resulting in ____ and ____ of the tubules, and later in interstitial ____. | show 🗑
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| show | The kidneys are enlarged, pale, and waxy. On the cut surface, the cortex may be faintly granular.
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| ____ amyloidosis is the most common form in ____, while ____ amyloidosis is more common in _____. An exception is in ____, where both the _____ and ____ may be involved. | show 🗑
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| Deposition of amyloid within the kidney may cause what important syndrome in domestic animals? | show 🗑
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| What are the 2 most common causes of renal amyloidosis? | show 🗑
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| show | actue phase, chronic inflammatory
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| Most cases of medullary amyloidosis are ____. | show 🗑
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| show | severe, compression, blood supply, ischaemia, necrosis, papilla
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| show | glomerulitis, interstitial nephritis, glomeruli, interstitial capillaries
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| Describe the gross lesions of acute glomerulitis. | show 🗑
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| A form of glomerulitis that results in a marked neutrophilic response is called ____ glomerulitis. | show 🗑
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| If an animal with suppurative glomerulitis survives longer than a few days, the inflammatory infiltrate will become dominated by ____ cells (____, ____, and ____). | show 🗑
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| show | Actinobacillus equuli, sleepy foal, pyrexia, lethargy, swollen, joints, umbilicus
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| The cells, matrix, and vessels that lie between the tubules and glomeruli of the kidney | show 🗑
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| Any inflammatory disease of the kidney that predominantly affects the interstitium | show 🗑
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| show | The kidneys have multiple pale foci of inflammation.
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| Give 4 examples of interstitial nephritis. | show 🗑
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| Multifocal pale nodules on the capsular surface of the kidney of a cat suggests that the cat is suffering from either ____ or ____, caused by ____. If the nodules follow the vessels, the disease is likely ___. | show 🗑
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| show | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (esp. in cattle), migrating Toxocara canis larvae, fungal organisms (e.g., Aspergillus spp.)
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| A common "end point" for many types of renal disease is ___________. | show 🗑
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| show | Idiopathic chronic renal failure.
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| show | The kidneys are small, firm, and pale.
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| Name several renal conditions that may cause Interstitial fibrosis. | show 🗑
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| show | pyelonephritis
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| What condition results in small, firm, pale kidneys? | show 🗑
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| show | interstitial nephritis (Lepto, E. coli, FIPV, malignant catarrhal fever)
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| show | acute glomerulitis
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| What condition results in a pitted or granular kidney surface, with atrophy of the cortex and some degree of interstitial fibrosis? | show 🗑
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| show | Necrotising and inflammatory
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| show | nephrosis
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| show | Ischaemia and toxins
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| The ____ tubules are most prone to tubular necrosis because they have the highest ____. | show 🗑
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| Animals with severe tubular damage affecting a large number of nephrons often show signs of ____, particularly ____ or ____. | show 🗑
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| show | blood, oxygen, ischaemic tubular necrosis
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| show | haemolytic, copper, leptospirosis, haemolytic anaemia, muscle, myoglobinuria, capture myopathy, vasoconstrivtion, shock
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| Nephrotoxins that can cause toxic tubular necrosis include: (name at least 4 of 7) | show 🗑
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| Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney parenchyma is called ____. | show 🗑
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| What is the usual cause of pyelonephritis? | show 🗑
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| Name and describe a mechanism by which an infection of the lower urinary tract can ascend into the kidney. | show 🗑
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| Name several conditions that predispose to ureterovesicular reflux. | show 🗑
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| show | Females, short, large, urethra
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| Certain strains of ____ are frequently isolated from cases of canine pyelonephritis. These strains express various ___ factors, including an ability to ____ to urinary tract ____. | show 🗑
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| Describe the gross lesions of pyelonephritis. | show 🗑
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| show | hyperaemic, in any inflammatory condition involving the kidneys
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| Animals that die in lateral recumbancy may exhibit ____ of the ____ kidney. | show 🗑
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| What is a common kidney lesion caused by septicaemia? | show 🗑
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| What is a common kidney lesion caused by canine herpes virus? | show 🗑
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| What conditions or events might cause a relatively large renal haemorrhage? | show 🗑
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| show | Pyelonephritis and renal infarcts can both cause wedges of fibrosis. In pyelonehpritis, the wedges usually occur at the poles of the kidney.
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| show | widespread damage, endothelial, DIC, negative septicaemias
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| ____ necrosis (aka ____ necrosis) occurs as a result of ____ affecting the ____. | show 🗑
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| show | medulla, ischaemic, reduced
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| show | Sharply demarcated areas of discolouration within the medulla. Necrotic tissue may slough.
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| show | 1. NSAIDs; 2. increased intra-renal pressue causing compression of vessels; 3. dehydration; 4. shock
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| show | haemoglobinuria, intravascular haemolysis
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| show | hydronephrosis
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| show | aquired obstruction, congenital abnormalities
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| Describe the gross lesions of hydronephrosis. | show 🗑
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| ____ refers to inflammation of the pelivs or calyces of the kidney, and is usually part of a more extensive ____. | show 🗑
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| show | renal adenocarcinoma
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| In cats, the most common renal neoplasm is ____. | show 🗑
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| show | a patent urachus, which presents as persistent dribbling of urine from the umbilicus.
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| show | diverticulum, bladder, stasis, diverticulum, bacterial infection, urinary calculi
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| Name two events that commonly cause rupture of the urinary bladder. | show 🗑
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| show | uroliths
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| show | calculi, stones, crystals
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| List some predisposing factors for urolithiasis. | show 🗑
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| Why are males predisposed to urinary tract obstruction? | show 🗑
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| show | struvite, magnesium ammonium phosphate, diets
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| Now, almost ____ of the cases of feline urolithiasis are caused by ____ crystals instead of struvite crystals. | show 🗑
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| In dogs with urolithiasis, about ____ of crystals are made of ___. Most of these cases are associated with ____ caused by bacteria that produce ____, which can change the urine pH, making ____ of crystals more likely. | show 🗑
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| Approximately ___% of dogs with urolithiasis have calcium ____ uroliths. Another ____% are due to calcium ____, urates, ____, or ____. | show 🗑
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| Which are more prone to urolithiasis, male or female dogs? | show 🗑
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| List some factors that may increase the incidence of urolithiasis in sheep. | show 🗑
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| Crystalluria is normal in what species? | show 🗑
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| Horses have high urinary concentrations of what substance? | show 🗑
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| Rabbits have high urinary concentrations of what substance(s)? | show 🗑
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| List the clinical signs resulting from non-obstructive urolithiasis. | show 🗑
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| List the clinical signs resulting from obstructive urolithiasis. | show 🗑
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| show | Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease: a clinical descriptive term that covers a variety of disease entities in cats that present with signs of lower urinary tract involvement (e.g., dysuria, straguria, haematuria, inappropriate urination, etc.)
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| What factors predispose a cat to FLUTD? | show 🗑
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| The incidence of FLUTD in cat populations in the US and UK varies from __ to __% | show 🗑
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| show | idiopathic, bladder infections, urolithiasis, neoplasia
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| show | obstructive, non-obstructive
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| Obstructive FLUTD is usually due to either ____ or ____. | show 🗑
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| show | proteinaceous matrix, crystalline, matrix, protein, bladder wall.
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| show | stranguria, vocalization, constipation
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| Cases of suspected urinary tract obstruction should be treated as ____, because if not treated quickyly, ____ ____ ____, ____, or ____ ____ could result. | show 🗑
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| ____ and ___ FLUTD cannot be distinguished without a ____ ____, because the presenting signs are very similar. | show 🗑
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| show | haematuria, dysuria, 5-10, resolving spontaneously
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| Another name for idiopathic, non-obstructive FLUTD is ____ ____ ____ or ____ ____ ____.. | show 🗑
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| Bacteria that are particulary well-suited for colonisation of the urinary tract are called ____. | show 🗑
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| Conditions that predispose to bacterial cystitis include ____, ____, urine ____, ____ urine, and changes in urine ____. | show 🗑
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| show | chemical, toxins, urolithiasis, feline interstitial cystitis
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| list the signs of cystitis | show 🗑
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| Prolonged grazing on bracken fern can cause ____ cystitis (aka ____ ____) in cattle, ____ tumours, ____ suppression, and ____ deficiencies. | show 🗑
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