BIO201 - Ch9 - Muscles and Muscle Tissue 2 - Marieb/Hoehn - RioSalado - AZ
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| show | Electrical
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| show | Ionic
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| show | Sequence of events - transmission of AP along sarcolemma leads to sliding of myofilaments.
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| Inside of sarcolemma is normally __ while outside is __. | show 🗑
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| Inside ion is __ and outside ion is __. | show 🗑
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| show | Sodium-potassium pump
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| Why is Ca2+ called the final trigger for contraction? | show 🗑
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| show | Voltage - change shape
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| show | Intracellular proteins that regulate calcium concentration.
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| Attachment of myosin head to actin requires __. | show 🗑
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| What causes rigor mortis? | show 🗑
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| If muscle tension develops but loan not moved, contraction is called __. | show 🗑
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| show | Isotonic
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| Muscle tension measured in __ contractions & amount of shortening in __ contractions. | show 🗑
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| Neuromuscular Junctions | show 🗑
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| Isometrically | show 🗑
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| show | Contracting muscle shortens & moves load - bicep curl.
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| show | Muscle lengthens due to load heavier than muscle tension - walking down stairs.
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| show | Muscle cells & all fibers it supplies controlled by a given motor neuron.
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| show | Summing of several muscle contractions resulting in single, stronger contractions - signals in rapid sucession.
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| Tetany | show 🗑
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| All-or-None Principle | show 🗑
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| show | Entire
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| A graphic recording of contractive activity. | show 🗑
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| The response of a motor unit to a single AP of its motor neuron. | show 🗑
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| show | 3 - (1) latent, (2) contraction, (3) relaxation.
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| show | Muscle tension beginning to increase but no resonse on myogram.
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| show | When cross bridges are active - myogram tracing rises to a peak.
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| show | Muscle tension decreases to zero & tracing returns to baseline.
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| Unfused/Incomplete Tetanus | show 🗑
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| show | Smooth, sustained contraction plateau.
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| The force of contraction is controlled more precisely by __. | show 🗑
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| show | Allows increase in force in sm. steps & gradations in force are progressively greater when needed.
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| show | "Warming up" tracing pattern with staircase shape as slighly stronger contractions occur w/each successive stimulus.
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| show | Concentric & Eccentric
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| show | Muscle shortens & does work.
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| Eccentric Contractions | show 🗑
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| show | Eccentric contractions are 50% more forceful.
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| show | Creatine Kinase
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| show | Glycolysis
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| show | Lactic Acid
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| show | Fatty acids
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| show | Cramps - states of continuous contraction because cross bridges cannot detach.
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| show | SR
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| The liver converts lactic acid to __. | show 🗑
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| Force of muscle contraction affected by: | show 🗑
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| The __ motor units recruited, the greater the muscle force will be. | show 🗑
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| Regular exercises cause muscle cells to __. | show 🗑
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| Internal Tension | show 🗑
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| External Tension | show 🗑
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| Joints normally prevent bone movements that would stretch muscles __. | show 🗑
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| show | (1) Fiber type, (2) load & (3) recruitment.
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| show | How fast myosin ATPases split ATP & patter of electrical activity of their motor neurons.
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| __ fibers rely mostly on aerobic pathways. | show 🗑
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| show | Requires oxygen as oxygen is final acceptor of electrons stripped from glycolyosis. Glycolyosis=>Krebs=>Electron Transport Phosphorylation. 36 net ATP/each glucose molecule.
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| show | Initial reaction for aerobic & anaerobic pathways - glucose broken down into 2 pyruvate & net of 2 ATP - occurs in cytoplasm - no oxygen - 2 NADH also form.
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| Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) | show 🗑
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| Glucose+oxygen-->Carbon Dioxide+Water+ATP | show 🗑
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| show | Nicotinamide Adenine - nucleotide coenzyme - NADH when carrying electrons & unbound protons (H+).
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| show | Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide - nucleotide enzyme - becomes FADH2 when carrying electrons or H+
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| show | Unbound hydrogen atoms (H+)
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| Substrate-Level Phosphorylation | show 🗑
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| PGAL | show 🗑
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| show | Stage 2 of Aerobic Resp. - (Citric Acid Cycle) - Pyruvate broken down into CO2 & H20. 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2 forms.
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| show | Outter compartment - series of puches in Mitochondria where Electron Phosph. Trans. takes place.
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| Matrix | show 🗑
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| show | Coenzyme A w/2-carbon fragment from pyruvate - transfers oxaloacetate for Krebs Cycle.
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| Oxaloacetate | show 🗑
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| show | Array of enzymes & cofactors taht accept & donate electron in sequence - H+ ions flow across & drive ATP formation.
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| Oxidative Phosphorylation | show 🗑
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| Anerobic Electron Transfers | show 🗑
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| Anabolism | show 🗑
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| show | Metabolic pathway - no oxygen.
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| show | Anaerobic pathway of ATP formation. Glycolyosis & regenerates NAD+ - 2 ATP produced net.
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| Lactate Fermation - Muscles | show 🗑
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| show | Pyruvate converted to ethyl alcohol or ethanol. Bakers use for bread.
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| Biosynthetic Pathway | show 🗑
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| Catabolism | show 🗑
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| show | Make ATP by aerobic resp. & have many mitochondria - dark red.
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| Fast-Twitch muscle fibers | show 🗑
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| show | Glycolytic Fibers.
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| show | Fast glycolytic fibers.
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| show | Longer
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| The innervative nerve fibers of smooth muscle attach at __. | show 🗑
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| Diffuse junctions can be found in synaptic cleft of __ muscles. | show 🗑
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| show | Smooth muscles (absent)
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| show | Extracellular
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| Smooth muscles lack __ & __. | show 🗑
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| Smooth muscles have __ thick filaments. | show 🗑
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| Thick filaments in smooth muscle have heads __. | show 🗑
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| show | Skeletal
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| show | In a twisting manner like a corkscrew.
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| Dense Bodies | show 🗑
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| What partly accounts for synchronous contractions of smooth muscle? | show 🗑
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| show | Gap junctions.
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| Besides the heart, pacemaker cells can also be found where? | show 🗑
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| __ & dense bodies of sm. muscle harness pull generated by crossbridges. | show 🗑
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| show | Calmodulin - a cytoplasmic calcium-binding protein.
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| show | Mysoin Kinase
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| Another name for single-unit smooth muscle. | show 🗑
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| show | (1) contracts rythmically as unit (2) gap junctions (3) exhibits spontaneous action potentials.
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| show | (1) Arrector pili, (2) internal eye muscles (pupil) & (3) lg. arteries.
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| show | Autonomic (involuntary) - hormone controlled.
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| show | Mesoderm - myoblasts.
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| show | Myoblast-like cells that help repair skeletal muscle fibers.
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| show | Most serious form of MD - sex-linked recessive disease.
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| Cause of DMD is a lack of __. | show 🗑
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| Sarcopenia | show 🗑
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| Intermittent Claudication | show 🗑
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| In synaptic cleft of neuromuscular junction, __ is always pesent. | show 🗑
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| show | Cardiac
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| show | Contraction
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| Claudication might more simply be called __. | show 🗑
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| show | Red
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| show | Tetanus
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| __ Contractions are stronger than concentric contractions. | show 🗑
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| A nerve cell & all muscle cells it stimulates is called a __. | show 🗑
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| A contraction in which muscle doesn't shorten but tension increased is __. | show 🗑
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| show | Electrically
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| show | Chemically
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| show | Single-Unit
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| When muscle fiber contracts the __ band diminish in size. | show 🗑
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| show | Constant
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| Subunit __ actin bears active binding sites for myosin heads. | show 🗑
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| From internal to external, connective tissue sheets of muscles are: | show 🗑
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| Which muscle fiber contains abundant glycogen? | show 🗑
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| show | A
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| show | A - where they are found.
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| The __ band contains only actin filaments. | show 🗑
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| A sarcomere is the distance between two __. | show 🗑
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| In muscle contraction, calcium acts to __. | show 🗑
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| show | Has a difference in the site of calcium receptors.
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| In isotonic contraction, the muscle __. | show 🗑
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| T tubules function to __. | show 🗑
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| show | Levels drop in the cytoplasm.
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| show | Troponin
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