Note cards for the final in this course
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| Avignon Papacy | Period in the 14th century when 7 popes reigned in France (Babalonian Capt.)
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| Conciliar Movement | Christian movement; final authority with church council, not pope
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| John Wycliffe | preached Biblical reforms and believed Christians should be poor
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| Joan of Arc | Woman who fought in the Hundred Years War with the French
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| Black Death | Massive disease that killed 30-60% of the population of England in 14th century
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| John Ball | one of the leaders of the Peasant Revolt in 1381
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| Flagellants | a herectical sect who whipped themselves publicly
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| Hundred Years War | Series of battles fought for the French Throne
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| humanism | philosophical theory that gave appreciation to humanity, the individual, and man; independent thought
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| virtu | excellence
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| Renaissance Man | One who knows how to do a lot of things well
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| Mirandola | Pico Della, Believed that men had the power to make themselves into whatever they chose; good in man
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| Pope Innocent 3rd | Disagreed with Mirandola, basically men are bad
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| Culture of Merit | people were judged based upon what they achieve during their life, allows for social mobility
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| Petrach | The father of humanism; elevated Latin Texts and wrote letters to the dead
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| Boccaccio | writer of humanism; wrote Decameron (book about daily life during Plague)
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| Medici | Powerful family who ruled italy
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| Despotism | when one central power rules with absolute power; Medici's tried to use it to create appearance of repub.
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| Castiglione | Wrote book of the courtier; gave men tips on how to court
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| Bruni | developed the humanities curriculum
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| Life in Italy | Urbanization needed. Italian mobility more cultivated and refined than northern europe. more wealth=more culture
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| Populo Grosso | the fat people--the wealthy people who had power
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| populo minuto | the little people
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| civic humanism | public life seen as a virtue and noble--honorable to participate in politics
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| Lorenzetti | painter who painted 2 images of good and bad gov't
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| Plague effect on Italy | undermined the relationship between the rich and poor that allowed the republic to work
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| Ciompi Rebellion | uprising of lower classes
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| albezi family | family that came to power in 1434 as a result of the ciompi rebellion; rival was medici family
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| Florence v. Milan | almost like athens and sparta
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| Peace of Lodi | Peace treaty signed between Florence and Milan to end conflict
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| Forein invasion in Italy | Chales 5th of spain and Charles 8th--charles 5th wins but Italy suffers because it is used as the battleground
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| Machiavelli | wrote humanist texts-believes in republic form of gov't
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| Early Modern Period | sign of the break of medieval period
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| characteristics of EMP 1 | increased secularism-rational and secular thought prevalent
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| Characteristics of EMP 2 | religious division-catholicism loses monopoly and moves toward protestantism
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| characteristics of EMP 3 | european expansion-cultural expansion and political changes
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| characteristics of EMP 4 | New Market Economy-move toward capitalism; trace & commerce
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| characteristics of EMP 5 | Rise of centralized states-states most powerful at expense of church
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| christian humanism | the idea that man can control his fate-had agency with God and should be able to read scripture
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| Johannes Gutenberg | brought printing press with removable type to Europe
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| Erasmus | Father of christian humanism--translated the bible due to belief of availability
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| St. Thomas More | wrote book Utopia-based on imaginary country with no social hierarchy, injustice or private proverty
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| Francois Rabelais | exxaggerated bawdy and lewd sense of humor
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| Gargantua | giant book
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| Indulgences | writ of...the pope can transfer good works to sinners which means less time in purgatory
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| treasury of merit | idea tht doing good for the church will get you into heaven
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| good works | paying tithes and such
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| Johann Tetzel | known for selling indulgences
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| John calvin | Christian reformer--idea of calvinism
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| calvinism | predestination-god has already determined who should go to heaven
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| Protestant Work ethic | might be why capitalism thrived alongside calvinism
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| hugonots | french calvinists
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| Anabaptists | believed in adult baptism; no social hierarchy; poligamy
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| Munster Rebellion | anabaptists took over the city; a lutheran prince slaughters the anabaptist with an army
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| German Peasants War | 1525; revole of German speaking areas of lower class people; peasants suffered mass losses
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| Catherine of Aragon | Henry 8th's wife from Spain-aunt of Charles 5th, so pope would not grant divorce
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| Act of Supremacy | created by Elizabeth I; gave her complete control of the Chruch of England
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| Elizabethan Settlement | the act of supre. and act of uniformity that was a religious settlement that all would be Anglican
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| Mary v. Elizabeth | Mary sought to go back to Catholic tradition, but Elizabeth reversed it back to protestantism
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| Ignatius Loyola | Spanish Founder of the Jesuits
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| Jesuits | Troops of Catholic religion loyal to pope and church; disapproved of predestination
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| Schmakldic War | the scme league-german princes who wanted protestant reform; religious struggle with charles 5th.Charles 5th wins
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| Ausburg Peace | decision that the ruling prince's religious belief will be the belief of those people. 1555
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| Spanish Armada | Phillip's decision to invade england because of insult by elizabeth I as well as calvinist rebellions
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| Concordat of Bologna | agreement with pope that gives the french kings the right to appoint church officials
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| St. bart's day massacre | assassinations followed by roman catholic mob violence
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| edict of nantes | calvinists can practice faith at home and in towns where they are the majority
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| 3o years war | began in bohemia-1617
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| defenstration of prague | the bohemian nobles (calvinists) threw catholics out of the window into trash and manure
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| Destruction of madgeburg | when the french intervene and meet at germany, germany is destroyed
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| Treaty of Westphalia | ends the 30 years war by creating countours of other countries
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| epistemology | proving that what is known is actually true a method of obtaining knowledge
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| Francis Bacon | inductive reasoning-small observations lead to one big conclucion
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| Rene Descartes | Deductive reasoning-taking one large conclusion and making small ones out of it; "I think, therefore I am"
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| copernicus | responsible for deciding the Earth revolved around the sun
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| kepler | 3 laws of planetary motion
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| galileo | moon and other plantes composed of same substance
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| Motives for european expansion | economic, religious, individualism
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| means | increases in technology, and financing from other countries
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| Juan Gines Seplveda | believes spanish people to be superior to native americans, and do not need to be treated well--born to be slaves
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| Charles 5th and native americans | believes that the native americans should be respected as humans
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| Bartolomew and native americans | publicizes abuses of native americans
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| price revolution | when there is a great increase in prices
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| inflation | when the dollar value decreases, can be good for the economy because people are now either spending or investing
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| Jacques-Benigne Bossuet | To oppose the King is to oppose God
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| Thomas Hobbes | rejects that the kings power is derived from God and that all people are inherently equal
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| social contract theory | idea that people enter into contract with the government
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| 100 years war | war between england and france that has been waging for 100 years--results in multiple changes
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| INtendant system | they will rule the 40 sections of france and report to the king, nobles usually did this, step to centralized power
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| thirty year war | german and protestant war (calvinist)
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| Louis XIV and his | wants to have all power, and relies on middle class to staff bureacracy
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| Versailles | domestication of the nobility
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| absolutism | form of monarchical power that is unrestrained by all other institutions
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| constitutionalism | government run by a king or a group of governing bodies that have to abide by the laws in the constitution
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| John Locke | humans have inherent natural rights
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| James I | had the desire to have a absolutism again
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| Charles I | would act without parliament's consent
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| Petition of Right | only taxes levied by parliament were valid and the king could not rule on them
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| the long parliament | a stand-off between parliament and James
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| Oliver Cromwell | led the parliament army they defeat charles I and execute him
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| William and Mary | rulers in late 1600s who agreed to bill of rights and to respect parliament
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| Enlightenment | Building bridge to modern era with scientific revolution, writers, rational thought, belief of human progress
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| Basic vision for western vis | equality ,progress, and tolerance
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