ANATOMY FINAL STUDY GUIDE
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| moving material through membranes into body | absorption
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| changing absorbed materials into other compounds | assimilation
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| releasing energy from foods | respiration
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| moving substances throughout body | circulation
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| toward the front of the body | anterior
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| toward the back of the body | posterior
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| away from the point of attachment | distal
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| toward the point of attachment | proximal
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| toward the surface of the body | superficial
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| away from the surface | deep
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| toward the midline | medial
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| away from the midline | lateral
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| lengthwise plane left to right sides | sagittal section
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| crosswire plane top and bottom halves | transverse section
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| upper arm | brachial
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| neck | cervical
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| eye cavity | orbital
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| lower back | lumbar
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| buttocks | gluteal
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| arm pit | axillary
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| abdomen | abdomial cavity
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| brain/head | cranial cavity
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| gentiles | pelvic cavity
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| heart | pericardial cavity
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| lungs | pleural cavity
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| diaphragm | thoracic cavity
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| spine | vertebral cavity
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| same chemical formula different structure | an isomer
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| what properties of carbon make it such a versatile atom in compounds |
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| all single bonds between C atoms fully fills with H | saturated
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| one or more double bonds between C atoms - spaces for more H (monosat and poliunsat) | unsaturated
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| cellular organelle enclosed by a double-layerd porous membrane and containing DNA the dense core of an atom composed of proteins and neurons | nucleus
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| organelle housing enzymes that catalyze the reactions of aerobic respiration | mitochondria
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| organlle composed of a system of connected membranous tubules and vesicles along which protein in synthesized | endoplasmic reticulum
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| organelle that contains digestive enzymes | lyosomes
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| an organelle that prepares cellular products for secretion | golgi apparatus
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| where is epithelial tissue found | throughout the body
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| what does epithelial tissues functions | covers organs, lines cavities, covers and produces glands, forms barriers, secretes, and absorbs
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| what are the characteristics of epithelial tissue | a vascular, high mitotic rate, tightly packed basement membrane and 1 free surface
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| where is connective tissue found | throughout the body
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| what are the functions of the connective tissues | bind structures, support protection, filler
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| what are the characteristics of connective tissue | extracellular matrix- fibers, ground substances
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| what system- framework, protection--bones, ligaments, cartilage | skeletal
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| what system- contraction-- skeletal muscles | muscular
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| what system- sense internal and external changes and sends messages-- brain, spinal cord, sense organs, nerves | nervous
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| what system- secrete hormones-- glands | endocrine
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| what system- carries materials to cells-- hears, blood vessels | cardiovascular
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| what system- carries fluids back to blood and provides protection | lymphatic/immune
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| what system- breaks down and absorbes nutrients-- liver gall bladder, pancreas | digestive
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| what system- o2 into blood and co2 out-- lungs, bronchi, trachea | respiratory
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| what system- removes waste and excess h20-- kidneys, ureters, bladder | urinary
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| connective tissue containing 2 or more sensory nerve fibers | meissners corpuscles
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| connective tissue containing nerve fiber found deep in subcutaneous tissue containing ligaments | pacinian corpuscles
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| exocrine gland in skin that secretes a mixture of water, salt ,uren and bodliey wastes | sweat gland
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| inner layer of dense connective tissue: collagen and elastin fibers, blood vessels, smooth muscles, nerves | dermis
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| outer layer of stratified, no blood squamous epithelium | epidermis
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| cartilage cells reside in lacunae (spaces) compeletly surrounded by ECM | chondrocytes
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| older cells pushed up from stratum basale and harden as cells die and percentage of keratin increases | keratiniztion
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| produce pigments, lots= dark hair, medium= blond, none= white, mix= gray | melanocytes
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| epidermal cells only redness and some swelling heals in 2 weeks | 1st degree burn
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| destroys some epidermis and some dermis blisters occur | 2nd degree
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| destroys epidermis, dermis and accessory organs skin: dry leathery, red to black to white | 3rd degree
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| secrete into blood ex: thyroid, pituitary | endocrine
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| secrete onto surface or cavities ex: salivary sweet, sebzceous (skin oils), pancreas | exocrine
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| bone shaft, long main portion | diaphysis
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| ends both proximal and distal epiehyses | epiphysis
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| increase osteoblast activity, inhibit osteoblast | calcitonin
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| infant soft spots, ossification is incomplete, allowing skull compression durning delivery | fontanels
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| bone separated by irregular spaces | spongy bone
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| dense bone tissue | compact bone
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| inner lining | endosteum
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| outer lining | periosteum
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| what does synarthroris stand for | fibrous joints
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| what is the movement of the fibrous join | immovable
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| where are the fibrous joints found | between the cranial bones, teeth, epitleseal plates
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| what does amphiarthrosis stand for | cartilaginous joints
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| what is the movement of the cartilaginous joint | slightly movable
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| what does diarthrosis stand for | the synovial joints
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| what is the movement of the synovial joint | freely movable
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| where is the synovial joint found | the hip, knee, phalanges
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| bone to bone | ligament
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| muscle to bone | tendon
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| bone to bone | suture
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| moving away from the body | abduction
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| moving toward the body | adduction
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| reduced angle between bones | flexion
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| increased angle between bones | extension
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| excess extension at joint | hyperextension
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| movement around an axis | rotation
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| movement so that the end follows a circular path | circumduction
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| turning hand palm up | supination
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| foot so sole is outward | eversion
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| foot so sole is inward | inversion
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| moving a part forward | protraction
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| moving a part backward | retraction
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| what joined- all planes and rotation, flexion/extension/adduction/abduction/internal amd external rotation--shoulder,hip | ball and socket joint
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| what joint- flexion and extension--elbow, phalanges | hinge joint
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| what joint- sliding or twisting-- between carpels, tarsels, ribs, sternum | gliding joint
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| what joint- roation around a central axis--proximal ends of radius, ulna, atlas, and axis | pivot joint
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| what are the 3 different type of muscle cells | skeletal, cardiac, smooth
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| what are these actin and myosin | myofibrils
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| what is the functional unit of skeletal muscles | sarcomere
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| what is the plasma membrane | sacolemma
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| what attach to actin | myosin filaments
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| space b/w 2 cells forming a synapse | synaptic cleft
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| neurotransmitter | acetylcholine
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| glycogen -> glucose -> 2pyruric -> ATP | glucose
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| an organic compound formed from pyruric acids during aerobic respiration | lactate
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| oxygen
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| brain and spinal cord, not capable of regeneration | CNS parts
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| all nerves outside and connecting to CNS | PNS parts
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| nerve cells the structural and functional units of nervous system | neuron
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| support cells | neuroglia
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| longer extension from cell body, sends outgoing messages | axon
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| central part of a neuron | cell body
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| shorter extensions from cell body, receive incoming messages | dendrite
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| time it take to repolarize | refractory period
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| sensory neurons | afferent neurons
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| interneurons | association neuron
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| motor neurons | efferent neuron
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| white liproprotein that wraps and electrically insulates axons to increase speed of impulse | myelin sheath
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| nerve impulse that passes myelin sheath | saltatory conduction
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| nerve impulses that passes nodes of ravier | continuous conduction
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| na+ inside k+ inside? +inside,-outside | depolarization
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| k+ leaves | repolarization
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| compares intended movements with actual movements for smooth, coordinated, skilled movement-- posture and balance | cerebellum
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| right and left hemisphere, separated by the longitudinal fissures | cerebrum
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| brain stem, links spinal cord with brain-- heartbeat, breathing, swallowing, vomiting etc | medula oblongata
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| about medulla--cranial nerves | pons
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| above pons--cranial nerves | mid-brain
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| relays sensory in and out to cerebral cortex, crude sense of touch, pressure, pain, temp | thalamus
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| cavity such as brain ventricle fluid with cerebrum spinal fluid or hear that contains blood | ventricles
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| CNS and PNS- muscle contraction | acethylcholine
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| CNS- causes alertness | histamine
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| CNS- reduce pain by inhibiting substance p | endorphins
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| CNS and PNS- create a sense of feeling good, low levels cause Parkinson disease | dopamine
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| rods to see in dim light and cones to see color and sharp vision | retina
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| thin and watery constantly drained into blood and replaces | aqueous humor
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| thick jellylike | vitreous humor
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| what covers all of eyeball cornea | sclera
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| anterior, transparent, a vascular cover protects pupil | cornea
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| just behind pupil, focuses light on retina | lens
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| spiral labyrinth for hearing | cochlea
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| cone shaped that vibrates as sound waves hit it | tympanic membrane
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| what is the outer external ear | auricle
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| connects middle ear and the throat to equalize air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane | Eustachian tube
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| what are the auditory ossicles | malleus, incus, stapes
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| sensation of spinning or movement while holding still | vertigo
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| middle ear infection | otitis media
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| elevated intraocular pressure sue to excess aqueous humor | glaucoma
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| clouding of lens | cataract
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| disorders- pressure on the medial nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel in writs | carpal tunnel
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| disorders- degenerative autoimmune disease-immune system attacks joint tissue, infammation of | rheumatoid arthritis
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| disorders- degenerative disorientation of articular cartilage and spur formation usally 60+ | osteoarthritis
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| progressive disorder of the CNS, degeneration of the dopamine producing neurons in the midbrain | Parkinsons
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| overactive osteoclasts remove calcium from bone. spaces and canals appear, weaking bones | osteoporosis
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| lateral bend of the vertebral column | scoliosis
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| to maintain a stable internal environment is | homeostasis
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| what are diff homeostasis mechanisms in the body | temp, blood sugar, blood pressure, fluid level, ion levels, o2 levels
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