Terms
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| Cold War | notion of competing systems (US and Soviet Union)
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| Fascism | An authoritarian right-wing system of government and social organization, led by dictator, combination of authoritarianism and nationalism, history of backlash against democracy in WWI
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| Spanish Civil War |
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| NGOs | Non-Government Organizations in reference to human rights in the 1970s
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| Social rights | a value of western civilization that was not always implemented by political systems
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| 1968 | year of revolution, Paris to Prague (May 1968)
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| Arendt | American reporter present at the trial of Adolf Eichmann who wrote it down and had it eventually turned into Eichmann in Jerusalem
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| POUM | workers party for the Marxist unification
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| Genocide | the killing of a large group of people
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| Contingency in history | WWI is a case study of contingency in history, very powerful people made decisions that led to war; Role of chance in history
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| Universal Declaration of Human Rights | Passed by the UN in 1948
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| Nuclear Arms Race | Both Eastern and Western blocs interested in being better than the other (stockpiles of missiles)
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| Stalinism | originally ideas of communist movement, all about equality & based on democratic impulses
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| Amnesty International | Global human rights organization
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| Lenin | Said we need centralized control to fend off opponents of socialism
Authoritarianism
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| Nazism | NSDAP, Hitler promised to restore national greatness & restore 3rd reich-harmony health and putting common good before individual; Anti-Semitism
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| League of nations | intergovernmental organization that ended WWI; resulted from the Paris peace conference, first group to incorporate world peace
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| Mussolini | fascist leader of Italy, part of Axis powers
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| Bureaucracy | non-elected officials that have control over laws and policies
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| Orwell | Englishman in POUM, gave 1st hand account of Spanish Revolution
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| Decolonization | the move away from colonization, process of previously colonized becoming independent
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| Eichmann | German in the Nazi regime in charge of deportation of European Jews to concentration camps; Tried and sentenced in 1961
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| Anti-semitism | Rise of European beliefs about race; Jewish faith defined as “different” in a bad way by communities (stems from Christian anti-Judaism)
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| WWI | 1939-1945; “The Great War,” set the stage for other atrocities to occur, culmination of tension in Europe between Allies and Central Powers; reversed democratic trend
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| Totalitarianism | States strives for complete control over people’s lives (Ex
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| Banality of evil | Coined by Arendt; “evil” actions committed by ordinary people who believed that their actions were normal/routine
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| “Final Solution” | 1941-1945; beliefs leading up to holocaustextermination camps, mobile killing units, racial utopia (Nazis believe it’s a good thing they’re doing)
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| Moyn | Intellectual historian, studying how ideas shape the course of history, putting the concept of human rights into a historical context
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| Participatory democracy | Process where political decisions are made directly by regular people, opposite of a Representative democracy
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| Nuremberg Trials | 1945-1949; Trials that charged crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity
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| Anarchism | political philosophy which holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful
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| CNT | National Confederation of Labor; Anarchist/Loyalist revolutionary group, against capitalism and the state
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| Francisco Franco | general in Spanish military, attempted a putsch, won in election but led fascist movement
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| Russian revolution | aftermath of WWI, led to creation of the Soviet Union
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| WWII | 1939-1945, a “total war” of all countries that contained significant events involving the mass death of civilians, including the Holocaust and the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare; the deadliest conflict in human history
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| United Nations | an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace *Targeted genocide as a criminal act
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| National Sovereignty | nation is superior to the individuals of which it is composed
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| Crimes against humanity | offenses harshly against human dignity on a large scale, part of government policy
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| Extermination Camps | camps built by Nazi Germany to systematically kill millions of Jews by gassing and extreme work under starvation conditions (genocide)
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