endocrine diseases and disorders
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| acidosis | condition caused by abnormal build up of acid products of metabolism (seen in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus)
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| Addison disease | chronic syndrome caused by a deficiency in hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex. (signs and symp: weakness, darkening of the skin,loss of appetite, depression, and emotional problems.)
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| cretinism (Aka. congenital hypothyroidism) | condition caused by congenital absence or atrophy of thyroid gland. (signs: puffy features, mental deficiency, large tongue, and dwarfism)
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| Cushing syndrome | syndrome caused by excessive production of cortisol by adrenal cortices. (signs and symp: abnormally pigmented skin, "moon face", pads of fat on the chest and abdomen, "buffalo hump", wasting away of muscle, and hypertension.)
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| diabetes insipidus(DI) | caused by decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone by posterior lobe of pituitary gland. (signs and symp: excessive thirst (polydipsia), large amounts of urine (polyuria), and sodium excreted from body.
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| diabetes mellitus (DM) | chronic disease charac. by elevated blood sugar involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by under-activity of the islets of Langerhans. (DM can cause chronic renal disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy)
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| gigantism | happens before puberty, caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone by pituitary gland
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| goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland (thyromegaly)
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| Graves disease | disorder of thyroid gland caused by hyperthyroidism, goiter, and abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs (exophthalmos)
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| ketosis | condition resultin from uncontrolled DM, body has abnormal concentration of ketone bodies from excessive fat metabolism
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| metabolic syndrome (Aka. syndrome X and insulin resistance syndrome) | group of S&S: insulin resistance, obesity charac. by excessive fat around waist and abdomen, hypertension, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of HDL. Risk: type 2 diabetes, heart disease, or stroke.
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| myxedema | condition from deficiency in thyroid hormone thyroxine; sever form of hypothyroidism in adult. S: puffiness of face and hands, coarse and thick skin, enlarged tongue, slow speech, and anemia.
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| pheochromocytoma | tumor of adrenal medulla (usually benign) charac. hypertension, headaches, palpitations, diaphoresis, chest pain, and abdominal pain. Can be removed surgically, can be fatal if untreated.
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| tetany | condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms as result of hypocalcemia by deficiency of the parathyroid hormone.
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| thyrotoxicosis | condition caused by excessive thyroid hormones
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| radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) | nuclear med scan that measures thyroid function. (radioactive meds given to patient, and uptake into thyroid gland is measured)
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| thyroid scan | nuclear medicine test shows size, shape, and function of thyroid gland. used to detect tumors and nodules.
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| fasting blood sugar (FBS) | blood sugar test after patient fasts for 8-10 hrs, elevation may indicate diabetes mellitus.
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| glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) | blood sugar test to monitor diabetic treatment (glycosylated hemoglobing (Hb coated with sugar)) over past three months (life span of red blood cell 120dys
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| thyroid-stimulating hormone level (TSH) | blood test to measure amount of TSH in blood- diagnosis hypothyroidism and monitor patients on thyroid replacement therapy.
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| thyroxine level (T4) | blood study that gives measurement of amount of thyroxine in blood. Above norm=hyperthyroidism, below=hypothyroidism.
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| exophthalmos | abnormal protrusion of the eyeball
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| hormone | chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland, carried by blood to a target tissue
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| metabolism | sum total of all chemical processes that take place in a living organism
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| isthmus | narrow strip of tissue connecting two larger parts of the body
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