Review for Prof. Schaeffer's Final
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| The body is divided into how many systems? | 11 Systems
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| Integumentary System - major organs and functions | Skin, Hair, Sweat Glands, Nails. Protects against environmental changes, helps regulate body temp, provides sensory information.
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| Skeletal System - major organs and functions | Bones, Cartilages, Associated Ligaments, & Bone Marrow. Provides support and protection, stores calcium & other minerals, forms blood cells.
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| Muscular System - major organs and functions | Skeletal muscles & Associated tendons. Provides movement, provides protection & support, generates heat that maintains body temp.
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| Nervous System - major organs and functions | Brain, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves, & Sense Organs. Directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions.
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| Endocrine System - major organs and functions | Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Pancreas, Adrenal glands, & Gonads. Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, Controls structural and functional changes during development, & directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems.
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| Cardiovascular System - major organs and functions | Heart, Blood, & Blood vessels. Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
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| Lymphatic System - major organs and functions | Spleen, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, & Tonsils. Defends against infection and disease, & returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream.
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| Respiratory System - major organs and functions | Nasal cavities, Sinuses, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, & Alveoli. Delivers air to alveoli, provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, & produces sounds for communication.
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| Digestive System - major organs and functions | Teeth, Tongue, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Liver, Gallbladder, & Pancreas. Processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, & stores energy reserves.
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| Urinary System - major organs and functions | Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, & Urethra. Excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, & regulates blood ion concentrations and pH.
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| Male Reproductive System - major organs and functions | Testes, Epididymis, Ductus deferens, Seminal vesicles, Prostate glands, Penis, & Scrotum. Procudes male sex cells (sperm) and hormones.
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| Female Reproductive System - major organs and functions | Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Labia, Clitoris, & Mammary glands. Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, & provides milk to nourish newborn infant.
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| What is negative feedback? | The body's corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes a variation from normal limits. Brings body back to homeostasis. Ex.thermostat, insulin, CO2.
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| What is positive feedback? | A stimulus that produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions. Moves body away from homeostasis. Ex. Blood clotting & uterine contractions.
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| Name the body cavities. | Dorsal Body Cavity - cranial cavity & vertebral cavity. Ventral Body Cavity - abdominopelvic cavity - abdominal cavity & pelvic cavity.
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| What is the difference between visceral and parietal serosa? | Visceral serosa covers the internal organs. Parietal serosa lines internal body walls.
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| What are the four main types of tissue? | Epithelium, Connective, Muscular, & Nervous.
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| Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue | Covers body surface, lines hollow things, & forms glands. Avascular but innervated. Rapidly replaces lost cells. Provides sensation, physical protection, and controls permeability.
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| Classes of Epithelia | Simple - single layer of cells. Stratified - multiple layers of cells. Squamous - flat shaped. Cuboidal - square shaped. Columnar - rectangular shaped.
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| Simple Squamous Epithelia | Highly adapted for diffusion, osmosis, & filtration. Found in alveoli of lungs and the kidneys.
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| Simple Cuboidal Epithelia | Responsible for secretion & absorption. Found in outer covering of ovaries & smaller ducts of some glands (like the thyroid).
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| Simple Columnar Epithelia | Provides protection, secretion, & absorption. Found in the GI tract. Some have cilia, brush borders, & goblet cells.
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| Stratified Squamous Epithelia | 2 Types: Keratinized - waterproof protection, reduces friction, & protects against bacterial infection. Ex. Epidermis. Non-keratinized - mouth, tongue, & vagina.Tra
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| Transitional Epithelia | Permits expansion and recoil after stretching. Basal cells are cuboidal & surface cells are dome shaped. Found in the bladder.
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| Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelia | Function in secretion & propulsion of mucus. Found in Eustachian tubes and Trachea (ciliated).
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| Endocrine Gland | Have no ducts and produce hormones. Hormones are then secreted directly into bloodstream.
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| Exocrine Gland | Secrete their products thru a duct onto the body surface or into a hollow organ. Ex. sweat glands, salivary glands, digestive enzymes, milk, etc.
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| Merocrine Secretion | Produced in Golgi apparatus & are released by vesicles (exocytosis). Ex. sweat glands
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| Apocrine Secretion | Produced in Golgi apparatus & are released by shedding cytoplasm. Ex. mammary gland
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| Holocrine Secretion | Released by cells bursting, killing gland cells. Gland cells are replaced by stem cells. Ex. sebaceous gland
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| Connective Tissue Characteristics | Most abundant tissue in the body. Connect epithelium to the rest of the body. Highly vascular except for cartilage & bone. Has mesenchyme (stem cell tissue) as their common tissue of origin.
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