A&P 2 - Exam 5 - Part 2 - Endocrine System Continued
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| The pineal gland is a tiny, pine cone-shaped structure located on the dorsal aspect of the brain's __________. | diencephalon
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| The pineal gland is a member of the nervous system, since it receives ______ stimuli, and also a member of the endocrine system, since it secretes _______. | visual, hormones
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| The pineal gland supports the body's _______. | biological clock
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| The principal pineal secretion is ________. | melatonin
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| The thyroid gland is made up of two large ________ and a narrow connecting _______. | lateral lobes, isthmus
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| In the ________, a thin wormlike projection of thyroid tissue which often extends upward from the isthmus. | thyroid gland
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| The weight of the thyroid gland in an adult is approximately ________. | 30g (1 ounce)
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| The thyroid gland is located in the neck, on the anterior and lateral surfaces of the _______, just below the ________. | trachea, larynx
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| The thyroid gland is composed of ______. | follicles
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| Thyroid ______ are small hollow spheres. | follicles
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| Thyroid follicles are filled with thyroid ______ that contains ______. | colloid, thyroglobulins
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| Thyroid hormone is actually what two different hormones? | tetraiodothyronine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)
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| Tetraiodothyronine (T4) is also known as _______. | thyroxine
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| Tetraiodothyronine (T4) contains 4 _______ atoms. | iodine
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| Tetraiodothyronine (T4) is approximately ___ times more abundant than Triiodothyronine (T3). | 20
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| The major importance of tetraiodothyronine (T4) is as a precursor to ______. | triiodothyronine (T3)
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| Triiodothyronine (T3) contains ___ iodine atoms. | 3
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| _______ is considered to be the principal thyroid hormone. | triiodothyronine (T3)
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| _______ binds efficiently to nuclear receptors in target cells. | triiodothyronine (T3)
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| The _______ stores considerable amounts of a preliminary form of its hormones prior to secreting them. | thyroid gland
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| Before being stored in the colloid of follicles, T3 and T4 are attached to _______ molecules, forming _______ complexes. | globulin, thyroglobin
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| On release, T3 and T4 detach from globulin and enter the _________. | bloodstream
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| Once in the blood, T3 and T4 attach to _______ and travel as a hormone-globulin complex. | plasma globulins
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| _______ and, to a lesser extent, ______ detach from plasma globulin as they near the target cells. | T3, T4
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| _______ helps regulate the metabolic rate of all cells, cell growth, and tissue differentiation; it is said to have a "general" target. | thyroid hormone
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| ________ is produced by the thyroid gland in the parafollicular cells. | calcitonin
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| Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland in the ______ cells. | parafollicular
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| Calcitonin influences the processing of calcium by bone cells by _______ blood calcium levels and promoting conservation of _______. | decreasing, hard bone matrix
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| _______ acts as antagonist to calcitonin to maintain calcium homeostasis. | parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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| There are four or five parathyroid glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid's _______. | lateral lobes
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| ________ are tiny, rounded bodies within thyroid tissue formed by compact, irregular rows of cells. | parathyroid glands
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| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts on ______, ______ and ______ cells. | bone, kidney, intestinal
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| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes more bone to be dissolved, yielding ______ and ______, which enters the bloodstream. | calcium, phosphate
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| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes _______ to be secreted by the _______ cells into the urine to be excreted. | phosphate, kidney
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| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes increased intestinal absorption of _______ by activating _______. | calcium, vitamin D
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| The _______ are located on top of the kidneys, fitting like caps. | adrenal glands
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| What 2 portions are the adrenal glands made up of? | adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla
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| The adrenal cortex is composed of _______ tissue. | endocrine
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| The adrenal medulla is composed of _______ tissue. | neurosecretory
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| In the adrenal cortex, all cortical hormones are _______ and are known as _______. | steroids, corticosteroids
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| The adrenal cortex is composed of what three distinct layers of secreting cells? | zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis
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| The _______ is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex, directly under the outer connective tissue capsule of the adrenal gland. | zona glomerulosa
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| The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex secretes ________. | mineralocorticoids
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| The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex is the middle layer which secretes ________. | glucocorticoids
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| The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex secretes small amounts of ________ and _________. | glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids
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| Mineralocorticoids have an important role in the regulatory process of ______ in the body. | sodium
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| An example of a mineralocorticoid is _________. | aldosterone
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| Aldosterone is the only physiologically important _______ in the human body. | mineralocorticoid
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| The primary function of _______ is the maintenance of sodium homeostasis in the blood by increasing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. | aldosterone
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| The primary function of aldosterone is the maintenance of _______ homeostasis in the blood by increasing _______ reabsorption in the kidneys. | sodium, sodium
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| Aldosterone also increases _______ and promotes the loss of _______ and _______ ions. | water retention, potassium, hydrogen
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| Aldosterone secretion is controlled by the ________ mechanism and by blood ________ concentration. | renin-angiotensin, potassium
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| The main glucocorticoids secreted by the zona fasciculate are ______, ______, and ______. | cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone
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| Of the main glucocorticoids secreted by the zona fasciculate, ______ the only one secreted in significant quantities. | cortisol
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| Glucocorticoids affect ______ in the body. | every cell
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| Glucocorticoids are ______, ______, and ______. | protein-mobilizing, gluconeogenic, hyperglycemic
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| Glucocorticoids tend to cause a shift from ______ catabolism to ______ catabolism as an energy source. | carbohydrate, lipid
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| Glucocorticoids are essential for maintaining normal ______ by aiding norepinephrine and epinephrine to have their full effect, causing ______. | blood pressure, vasoconstriction
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| Glucocorticoids are essential for maintaining normal blood pressure by aiding ______ and ______ to have their full effect, causing vasoconstriction. | norepinephrine, epinephrine
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| A high blood concentration of glucocorticoids causes marked ______ of lymphatic tissues. | atrophy
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| A high blood concentration of glucocorticoids causes marked atrophy of ______ tissues. | lymphatic
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| Glucocorticoids act with _______ to bring about normal recovery from injury produced by inflammatory agents. | epinephrine
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| Glucocorticoids act with epinephrine to bring about normal recovery from injury produced by _______ agents. | inflammatory
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| Glucocorticoid secretion increases in response to ______. | stress
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| Except during stress response, the secretion of glucocorticoids is mainly controlled by a negative feedback mechanism involving ________ from the ________. | ACTH, adenohypophysis
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| Except during stress response, the secretion of glucocorticoids is mainly controlled by a _______ mechanism involving ACTH from the adenohypophysis. | negative feedback
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| ________ are sex hormones such as androgens that are released from the adrenal cortex. | gonadocorticoids
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| Gonadocorticoids are sex hormones such as _______ that are released from the adrenal cortex. | androgens
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| Neurosecretory tissue is tissue composed of ______ specialized to secrete their products into the _______. | neurons, blood
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| _______ tissue is tissue composed of neurons specialized to secrete their products into the blood. | neurosecretory
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| The adrenal medulla secretes what two important hormones? | epinephrine, norepinephrine
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| Epinephrine and norepinephrine are part of the coclass of nonsteroid hormones called ________. | catecholamines
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| Epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to the receptors of ________ to prolong and enhance the effects of sympathetic stimulation by the ______. | sympathetic effectors, ANS
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| The pancreas is composed of ______ and ______ tissues. | endocrine, exocrine
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| Pancreatic islets are also known as islets of ______. | langerhans
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| Pancreatic islets are the ______ portion of the pancreas. | endocrine
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| Acini are the ______ portion of the pancreas. | exocrine
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| Acini cells of the pancreas secrete a serous fluid containing ______ into ducts draining into the small intestine. | digestive enzymes
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| Each pancreatic islet contains ______ primary types of endocrine glands joined by ______. | 4, gap junctions
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| What are the 4 primary types of endocrine glands of pancreatic islets? | alpha cells (A cells), beta cells (B cells), delta cells (D cells), pancreatic polypeptide cells (F or PP cells)
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| Alpha cells (A cells) secrete ______. | glucagon
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| Beta cells (B cells) secrete ______ and ______. | insulin, amylin
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| _______ account for up to 75% of all pancreatic islet cells. | beta cells (B cells)
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| Beta cells (B cells) account for up to _____ of all pancreatic islet cells. | 75%
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| In the healthy human body ______ selectively inhibits insulin stimulated glucose utilization and glycogen deposition in muscle. | amylin
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| In the healthy human body amylin selectively inhibits ______ and glycogen deposition in muscle. | insulin stimulated glucose utilization
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| In the healthy human body amylin selectively inhibits insulin stimulated glucose utilization and ________ in muscle. | glycogen deposition
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| In the healthy human body, amylin does not affect _______ metabolism. | adipocyte glucose
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| In disease, _______ is the peptide subunit of amyloid found in pancreatic islets of type 2 diabetic patients and in insulinomas (B cell tumors). | amylin
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| In disease, amylin is the peptide subunit of amyloid found in pancreatic islets of _______ patients and in _______ (B cell tumors). | type 2 diabetic, insulinomas
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| Delta cells (D cells) secrete ______. | somatostatin
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| Pancreatic polypeptide cells (F or PP cells) secrete _______. | pancreatic polypeptides
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| Pancreatic hormones work as a team to maintain homeostasis of _______. | food molecules
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| ________ is produced by alpha cells. | glucagon
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| ________ tends to increase blood glucose levels. | glucagon
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| ________ is produced by beta cells. | insulin
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| Insulin lowers blood concentration of ______, ______, and ______ and promotes their metabolism by tissue cells. | glucose, amino acids, amino acids
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| Somatostatin's primary role is regulating the other endocrine cells of the ______. | pancreatic islets
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| Pancreatic polypeptide influences the ______ and ______ of food molecules to some degree. | digestion, distribution
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| ______ are paired organs within the scrotum in the male. | testes
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| Testes are composed of ______ tubules and a scattering of _______ cells. | seminiferous, interstitial
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| Testosterone is produced by the ______ cells of the testes and is responsible for the growth and maintenance of male sexual characteristics. | interstitial
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| Testosterone secretion is mainly regulated by ______ levels in the blood. | gonadotropin
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| ______ are the primary sex organs in the female. | ovaries
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| In females, ______ are a set of paired glands in the pelvis that produce several types of sex hormones. | ovaries
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| Estrogens are ______ hormones secreted by _______ that promote the development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics. | steroid, ovarian follicles
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| _______ are steroid hormones secreted by ovarian follicles that promote the development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics. | estrogens
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| Progesterone is secreted by ______. | corpus luteum
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| ________ maintains the lining of the uterus necessary for successful pregnancy. | progesterone
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| Ovarian hormone secretion depends on the changing levels of ______ and ______ from the adenohypophysis. | FSH, LH
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| The placenta is a tissue that forms on the lining of the uterus as a connection between the ______ systems of the mother and developing child. | circulatory
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| The placenta serves as a temporary endocrine gland that produces _______. | human chorionic gonadotropin
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| The ______ is a gland located in the mediastinum just beneath the sternum. | thymus
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| The thymus is ______ in children, begins to ______ at puberty, and, by old age, the gland is a vestige of fat and fibrous tissue. | large, atrophy
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| The thymus is considered to be primarily a ______ organ, but the hormone _______ has been isolated from thymus tissue. | lymphatic, thymosin
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| Thymosin stimulates the development of _______. | cells
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| The _______ of the GI tract contains cells that produce both endocrine and exocrine secretions. | mucous lining
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| GI hormones such as ______, ______, and _______ play regulatory roles in coordinating the secretory and motor activities involved in the digestive process. | gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK)
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| The heart has a secondary _______ role. | endocrine
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| Hormone producing cells of the heart produce _______. | atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
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| The primary effect of _______ is to oppose increases in blood volume or blood pressure. | atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
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| Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) acts as an antagonist to ______ and _______. | ADH, aldosterone
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| _______ acts as an antagonist to ADH and aldosterone. | atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
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| Endocrine regulation begins in the _______. | womb
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| Many active hormones are active from ______. | birth
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| There is evidence that a hormonal signal from fetus to mother signals the onset of ______. | labor
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| Hormones related to _______ begin at puberty. | reproduction
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| Nearly every process in the human organism is kept in balance by the intricate interaction of different nervous and endocrine ________. | regulatory chemicals
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| The endocrine system operates with the _______ system to finely adjust the many processes they regulate. | nervous
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| The _______ system adjusts nutrient supply. | neuroendocrine
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| Calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D balance ______ ion use. | calcium
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| _______, _______, and _______ balance calcium ion use. | calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D
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| Hypersecretion causes ______ hormone levels. | high
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| Abnormal proliferation of endocrine cells, autoimmunity, and feedback mechanism failure can cause ______. | hypersecretion
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| Hyposecretion causes ______ hormone levels. | low
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| Endocrine tumors, abnormal feedback loop function, immune function abnormality, and target cell insensitivity to tropic hormones can cause ______. | hyposecretion
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