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A&P 2 - E5 - P2
A&P 2 - Exam 5 - Part 2 - Endocrine System Continued
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The pineal gland is a tiny, pine cone-shaped structure located on the dorsal aspect of the brain's __________. | diencephalon |
| The pineal gland is a member of the nervous system, since it receives ______ stimuli, and also a member of the endocrine system, since it secretes _______. | visual, hormones |
| The pineal gland supports the body's _______. | biological clock |
| The principal pineal secretion is ________. | melatonin |
| The thyroid gland is made up of two large ________ and a narrow connecting _______. | lateral lobes, isthmus |
| In the ________, a thin wormlike projection of thyroid tissue which often extends upward from the isthmus. | thyroid gland |
| The weight of the thyroid gland in an adult is approximately ________. | 30g (1 ounce) |
| The thyroid gland is located in the neck, on the anterior and lateral surfaces of the _______, just below the ________. | trachea, larynx |
| The thyroid gland is composed of ______. | follicles |
| Thyroid ______ are small hollow spheres. | follicles |
| Thyroid follicles are filled with thyroid ______ that contains ______. | colloid, thyroglobulins |
| Thyroid hormone is actually what two different hormones? | tetraiodothyronine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) |
| Tetraiodothyronine (T4) is also known as _______. | thyroxine |
| Tetraiodothyronine (T4) contains 4 _______ atoms. | iodine |
| Tetraiodothyronine (T4) is approximately ___ times more abundant than Triiodothyronine (T3). | 20 |
| The major importance of tetraiodothyronine (T4) is as a precursor to ______. | triiodothyronine (T3) |
| Triiodothyronine (T3) contains ___ iodine atoms. | 3 |
| _______ is considered to be the principal thyroid hormone. | triiodothyronine (T3) |
| _______ binds efficiently to nuclear receptors in target cells. | triiodothyronine (T3) |
| The _______ stores considerable amounts of a preliminary form of its hormones prior to secreting them. | thyroid gland |
| Before being stored in the colloid of follicles, T3 and T4 are attached to _______ molecules, forming _______ complexes. | globulin, thyroglobin |
| On release, T3 and T4 detach from globulin and enter the _________. | bloodstream |
| Once in the blood, T3 and T4 attach to _______ and travel as a hormone-globulin complex. | plasma globulins |
| _______ and, to a lesser extent, ______ detach from plasma globulin as they near the target cells. | T3, T4 |
| _______ helps regulate the metabolic rate of all cells, cell growth, and tissue differentiation; it is said to have a "general" target. | thyroid hormone |
| ________ is produced by the thyroid gland in the parafollicular cells. | calcitonin |
| Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland in the ______ cells. | parafollicular |
| Calcitonin influences the processing of calcium by bone cells by _______ blood calcium levels and promoting conservation of _______. | decreasing, hard bone matrix |
| _______ acts as antagonist to calcitonin to maintain calcium homeostasis. | parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| There are four or five parathyroid glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid's _______. | lateral lobes |
| ________ are tiny, rounded bodies within thyroid tissue formed by compact, irregular rows of cells. | parathyroid glands |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts on ______, ______ and ______ cells. | bone, kidney, intestinal |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes more bone to be dissolved, yielding ______ and ______, which enters the bloodstream. | calcium, phosphate |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes _______ to be secreted by the _______ cells into the urine to be excreted. | phosphate, kidney |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes increased intestinal absorption of _______ by activating _______. | calcium, vitamin D |
| The _______ are located on top of the kidneys, fitting like caps. | adrenal glands |
| What 2 portions are the adrenal glands made up of? | adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla |
| The adrenal cortex is composed of _______ tissue. | endocrine |
| The adrenal medulla is composed of _______ tissue. | neurosecretory |
| In the adrenal cortex, all cortical hormones are _______ and are known as _______. | steroids, corticosteroids |
| The adrenal cortex is composed of what three distinct layers of secreting cells? | zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis |
| The _______ is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex, directly under the outer connective tissue capsule of the adrenal gland. | zona glomerulosa |
| The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex secretes ________. | mineralocorticoids |
| The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex is the middle layer which secretes ________. | glucocorticoids |
| The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex secretes small amounts of ________ and _________. | glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids |
| Mineralocorticoids have an important role in the regulatory process of ______ in the body. | sodium |
| An example of a mineralocorticoid is _________. | aldosterone |
| Aldosterone is the only physiologically important _______ in the human body. | mineralocorticoid |
| The primary function of _______ is the maintenance of sodium homeostasis in the blood by increasing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. | aldosterone |
| The primary function of aldosterone is the maintenance of _______ homeostasis in the blood by increasing _______ reabsorption in the kidneys. | sodium, sodium |
| Aldosterone also increases _______ and promotes the loss of _______ and _______ ions. | water retention, potassium, hydrogen |
| Aldosterone secretion is controlled by the ________ mechanism and by blood ________ concentration. | renin-angiotensin, potassium |
| The main glucocorticoids secreted by the zona fasciculate are ______, ______, and ______. | cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone |
| Of the main glucocorticoids secreted by the zona fasciculate, ______ the only one secreted in significant quantities. | cortisol |
| Glucocorticoids affect ______ in the body. | every cell |
| Glucocorticoids are ______, ______, and ______. | protein-mobilizing, gluconeogenic, hyperglycemic |
| Glucocorticoids tend to cause a shift from ______ catabolism to ______ catabolism as an energy source. | carbohydrate, lipid |
| Glucocorticoids are essential for maintaining normal ______ by aiding norepinephrine and epinephrine to have their full effect, causing ______. | blood pressure, vasoconstriction |
| Glucocorticoids are essential for maintaining normal blood pressure by aiding ______ and ______ to have their full effect, causing vasoconstriction. | norepinephrine, epinephrine |
| A high blood concentration of glucocorticoids causes marked ______ of lymphatic tissues. | atrophy |
| A high blood concentration of glucocorticoids causes marked atrophy of ______ tissues. | lymphatic |
| Glucocorticoids act with _______ to bring about normal recovery from injury produced by inflammatory agents. | epinephrine |
| Glucocorticoids act with epinephrine to bring about normal recovery from injury produced by _______ agents. | inflammatory |
| Glucocorticoid secretion increases in response to ______. | stress |
| Except during stress response, the secretion of glucocorticoids is mainly controlled by a negative feedback mechanism involving ________ from the ________. | ACTH, adenohypophysis |
| Except during stress response, the secretion of glucocorticoids is mainly controlled by a _______ mechanism involving ACTH from the adenohypophysis. | negative feedback |
| ________ are sex hormones such as androgens that are released from the adrenal cortex. | gonadocorticoids |
| Gonadocorticoids are sex hormones such as _______ that are released from the adrenal cortex. | androgens |
| Neurosecretory tissue is tissue composed of ______ specialized to secrete their products into the _______. | neurons, blood |
| _______ tissue is tissue composed of neurons specialized to secrete their products into the blood. | neurosecretory |
| The adrenal medulla secretes what two important hormones? | epinephrine, norepinephrine |
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine are part of the coclass of nonsteroid hormones called ________. | catecholamines |
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to the receptors of ________ to prolong and enhance the effects of sympathetic stimulation by the ______. | sympathetic effectors, ANS |
| The pancreas is composed of ______ and ______ tissues. | endocrine, exocrine |
| Pancreatic islets are also known as islets of ______. | langerhans |
| Pancreatic islets are the ______ portion of the pancreas. | endocrine |
| Acini are the ______ portion of the pancreas. | exocrine |
| Acini cells of the pancreas secrete a serous fluid containing ______ into ducts draining into the small intestine. | digestive enzymes |
| Each pancreatic islet contains ______ primary types of endocrine glands joined by ______. | 4, gap junctions |
| What are the 4 primary types of endocrine glands of pancreatic islets? | alpha cells (A cells), beta cells (B cells), delta cells (D cells), pancreatic polypeptide cells (F or PP cells) |
| Alpha cells (A cells) secrete ______. | glucagon |
| Beta cells (B cells) secrete ______ and ______. | insulin, amylin |
| _______ account for up to 75% of all pancreatic islet cells. | beta cells (B cells) |
| Beta cells (B cells) account for up to _____ of all pancreatic islet cells. | 75% |
| In the healthy human body ______ selectively inhibits insulin stimulated glucose utilization and glycogen deposition in muscle. | amylin |
| In the healthy human body amylin selectively inhibits ______ and glycogen deposition in muscle. | insulin stimulated glucose utilization |
| In the healthy human body amylin selectively inhibits insulin stimulated glucose utilization and ________ in muscle. | glycogen deposition |
| In the healthy human body, amylin does not affect _______ metabolism. | adipocyte glucose |
| In disease, _______ is the peptide subunit of amyloid found in pancreatic islets of type 2 diabetic patients and in insulinomas (B cell tumors). | amylin |
| In disease, amylin is the peptide subunit of amyloid found in pancreatic islets of _______ patients and in _______ (B cell tumors). | type 2 diabetic, insulinomas |
| Delta cells (D cells) secrete ______. | somatostatin |
| Pancreatic polypeptide cells (F or PP cells) secrete _______. | pancreatic polypeptides |
| Pancreatic hormones work as a team to maintain homeostasis of _______. | food molecules |
| ________ is produced by alpha cells. | glucagon |
| ________ tends to increase blood glucose levels. | glucagon |
| ________ is produced by beta cells. | insulin |
| Insulin lowers blood concentration of ______, ______, and ______ and promotes their metabolism by tissue cells. | glucose, amino acids, amino acids |
| Somatostatin's primary role is regulating the other endocrine cells of the ______. | pancreatic islets |
| Pancreatic polypeptide influences the ______ and ______ of food molecules to some degree. | digestion, distribution |
| ______ are paired organs within the scrotum in the male. | testes |
| Testes are composed of ______ tubules and a scattering of _______ cells. | seminiferous, interstitial |
| Testosterone is produced by the ______ cells of the testes and is responsible for the growth and maintenance of male sexual characteristics. | interstitial |
| Testosterone secretion is mainly regulated by ______ levels in the blood. | gonadotropin |
| ______ are the primary sex organs in the female. | ovaries |
| In females, ______ are a set of paired glands in the pelvis that produce several types of sex hormones. | ovaries |
| Estrogens are ______ hormones secreted by _______ that promote the development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics. | steroid, ovarian follicles |
| _______ are steroid hormones secreted by ovarian follicles that promote the development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics. | estrogens |
| Progesterone is secreted by ______. | corpus luteum |
| ________ maintains the lining of the uterus necessary for successful pregnancy. | progesterone |
| Ovarian hormone secretion depends on the changing levels of ______ and ______ from the adenohypophysis. | FSH, LH |
| The placenta is a tissue that forms on the lining of the uterus as a connection between the ______ systems of the mother and developing child. | circulatory |
| The placenta serves as a temporary endocrine gland that produces _______. | human chorionic gonadotropin |
| The ______ is a gland located in the mediastinum just beneath the sternum. | thymus |
| The thymus is ______ in children, begins to ______ at puberty, and, by old age, the gland is a vestige of fat and fibrous tissue. | large, atrophy |
| The thymus is considered to be primarily a ______ organ, but the hormone _______ has been isolated from thymus tissue. | lymphatic, thymosin |
| Thymosin stimulates the development of _______. | cells |
| The _______ of the GI tract contains cells that produce both endocrine and exocrine secretions. | mucous lining |
| GI hormones such as ______, ______, and _______ play regulatory roles in coordinating the secretory and motor activities involved in the digestive process. | gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK) |
| The heart has a secondary _______ role. | endocrine |
| Hormone producing cells of the heart produce _______. | atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) |
| The primary effect of _______ is to oppose increases in blood volume or blood pressure. | atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) |
| Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) acts as an antagonist to ______ and _______. | ADH, aldosterone |
| _______ acts as an antagonist to ADH and aldosterone. | atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) |
| Endocrine regulation begins in the _______. | womb |
| Many active hormones are active from ______. | birth |
| There is evidence that a hormonal signal from fetus to mother signals the onset of ______. | labor |
| Hormones related to _______ begin at puberty. | reproduction |
| Nearly every process in the human organism is kept in balance by the intricate interaction of different nervous and endocrine ________. | regulatory chemicals |
| The endocrine system operates with the _______ system to finely adjust the many processes they regulate. | nervous |
| The _______ system adjusts nutrient supply. | neuroendocrine |
| Calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D balance ______ ion use. | calcium |
| _______, _______, and _______ balance calcium ion use. | calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D |
| Hypersecretion causes ______ hormone levels. | high |
| Abnormal proliferation of endocrine cells, autoimmunity, and feedback mechanism failure can cause ______. | hypersecretion |
| Hyposecretion causes ______ hormone levels. | low |
| Endocrine tumors, abnormal feedback loop function, immune function abnormality, and target cell insensitivity to tropic hormones can cause ______. | hyposecretion |
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