A&P 2 - Exam 5 - Part 1 - Endocrine System
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The endocrine and nervous systems function to achieve and maintain ______. | homeostasis
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When the endocrine and nervous systems work together it is referred to as the ________ system. | neuroendocrine
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The endocrine and nervous systems work together to perform the same general functions of ______, ______, and ______. | communication, integration, control
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In the endocrine system, secreting cells send ______ molecules via the blood to specific ______. | hormone, target cells
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______ are carried to almost every point in the body. | hormones
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Hormones can _______ most cells. | regulate
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Hormone effects work more _____ and last ______ than those of neurotransmitters. | slowly, longer
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Hormone effects work more slowly and last longer than those of ______. | neurotransmitters
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Endocrine glands are "______ glands". | ductless
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Many endocrine glands are made of glandular ______, whose cells manufacture and secrete _______. | epithelium, hormones
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A few endocrine glands are made of _______ tissue. | neurosecretory
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______ of the endocrine system are widely scattered throughout the body. | glands
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______ hormones are hormones that target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion. | tropic
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______ hormones are hormones that target reproductive tissues. | sex
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______ hormones are hormones that stimulate anabolism in target cells. | anabolic
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The two classifications of hormones by chemical structure are ______ and ______. | steroid, nonsteroid
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Steroid hormones are synthesized from ______. | cholesterol
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______ hormones are synthesized from cholesterol. | steroid
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Steroid hormones are _____ soluble and can easily pass through the _______ plasma of target cells. | lipid, phospholipid
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What are 5 examples of steroid hormones? | estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone
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Nonsteroid hormones are synthesized primarily from _______. | amino acids
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______ hormones are synthesized primarily from amino acids. | nonsteroid
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______ hormones are long, folded chains of amino acids. | protein
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What are 2 examples of protein hormones? | insulin, parathyroid
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______ hormones are protein hormones with carbohydrate groups attached to the amino acid chain. | glycoprotein
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Glycoprotein hormones are protein hormones with ______ attached to the amino acid chain. | carbohydrate groups
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______ hormones are shorter than protein hormones consisting of a short chain of amino acids. | peptide
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What are 2 examples of peptide hormones? | oxytocin, antidiuretic
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______ hormones are hormones in which each is derived from a single amino acid molecule. | amino acid derivative
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______ hormones are synthesized by modifying a single molecule of tyrosine produced by neurosecretory cells and neurons. | amine
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Amine hormones are synthesized by modifying a single molecule of ______ produced by neurosecretory cells and neurons. | tyrosine
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Amine hormones are synthesized by modifying a single molecule of tyrosine produced by ______ cells and ______. | neurosecretory, neurons
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What are 2 examples of amine hormones? | epinephrine, norepinephrine
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Amino acid derivatives are produced by the ______ gland. | thyroid
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Amino acid derivatives are synthesized by adding ______ to ______. | iodine, tyrosine
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Hormones signal a cell by binding to the target cell's specific _______ in a "______" mechanism. | receptors, lock and key
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Different hormone receptor interactions produce different regulatory changes within the target cell through ______. | chemical reactions
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______ is combinations of hormones acting together that have a greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects that each would have if acting alone. | synergism
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_______ is when a small amount of one hormone allows a second one to have its full effects on a target cell. | permissiveness
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________ is when one hormone produces the opposite effects of another hormone. | antagonism
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_______ is used to "fine tune" the activity of target cells with great accuracy. | antagonism
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Endocrine glands produce more _______ molecules than actually are needed. | hormone
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Unused hormones are quickly excreted by the ______ or broken down by ______ processes. | kidneys, metabolic
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Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, and their receptors are normally found in the target cell's _______. | cytosol
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Once a steroid hormone molecule has _______ into the target cell, it binds to a receptor molecule to form a ________. | diffused, hormone-receptor complex
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_______ hypothesis - the hormone passes into the nucleus, where it binds to mobile receptor and activates a certain gene sequence to begin transcription of mRNA. | mobile-receptor
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The hormone passes into the nucleus, where it binds to a _______ and activates a certain gene sequence to begin _______ of mRNA. | mobile receptor, transcription
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Newly formed mRNA molecules move into the ________, associate with ribosomes, and begin synthesizing ________. | cytosol, protein
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Newly formed _______ molecules move into the cytosol, associate with _______, and begin synthesizing protein. | mRNA, ribosomes
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_______ hormones regulate cells by regulating production of certain critical proteins. | steroid
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The amount of steroid hormone present determines the _______ of a target cell's response. | magnitude
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The amount of _______ hormone present determines the magnitude of a target cell's response. | steroid
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Since transcription and protein synthesis take time, responses to steroid hormones are often _______. | slow
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Since _______ and _______ take time, responses to steroid hormones are often slow. | transcription, protein synthesis
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The _______ is also known as the fixed-membrane-receptor hypothesis. | second messenger mechanism
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The second messenger mechanism is also known as the _______ hypothesis. | fixed-membrane-receptor
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A nonsteroid hormone molecule acts as a "______ messenger". | first
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A _______ hormone molecule acts as a "first messenger". | nonsteroid
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A nonsteroid hormone delivers its chemical message to _______ in the target cell's ________. | fixed receptors, plasma membrane
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A _______ hormone delivers its chemical message to fixed receptors in the target cell's plasma membrane. | nonsteroid
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The "message" is then passed by way of a _______ into the cell where a "second messenger" triggers the appropriate cellular changes. | g-protein
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In a second messenger mechanism the effects of the hormone are ________ by the cascade of reactions. | amplified
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What are 4 examples of second messenger mechanisms? | IP3, GMP, cAMP, calcium-calmodulin mechanisms
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The _______ mechanism operates much more quickly than the steroid mechanism. | second messenger
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The second messenger mechanism operates much more quickly than the _______ mechanism. | steroid
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The ______ mechanism occurs when small iodinated amino acids enter the target cell and bind to receptors associated with a DNA molecule in the nucleus. | nuclear receptor
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The nuclear receptor mechanism occurs when small _______ amino acids enter the target cell and bind to receptors associated with a _______ molecule in the nucleus. | iodinated, DNA
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Binding in the nuclear receptor mechanism triggers transcription of _______ and synthesis of new _______. | mRNA, enzymes
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Control of hormonal secretion is usually part of a ______ and is called _______. | negative feedback loop, endocrine reflexes
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Simplest mechanism is when an endocrine gland is sensitive to the _______ changes produced by its _______. | physiological, target cells
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Endocrine gland secretion may also be regulated by a hormone produced by another ________. | gland
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Endocrine gland secretions may be influenced by ________ input; this fact emphasizes the close functional relationship between the two systems. | nervous system
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_______ are a unique group of lipid molecules that serve important and widespread integrative functions in the body but do not meet the usual definition of a hormone. | prostaglandins
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Prostaglandins are a unique group of _______ molecules that serve important and widespread integrative functions in the body but do not meet the usual definition of a hormone. | lipid
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Prostaglandins are called _______ hormones, since the secretion is produced in a tissue and diffuses only a ________ to other cells within the same tissue. | tissue, short distance
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_______ are called tissue hormones, since the secretion is produced in a tissue and diffuses only a short distance to other cells within the same tissue. | prostaglandins
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_______ tend to integrate activities of neighboring cells. | prostaglandins
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Many structural classes of ______ have been isolated and identified. | prostaglandins
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The pituitary gland is also known as the ________ and called the "_______". | hypophysis, master gland
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The _______ is also known as the hypophysis and called the "master gland". | pituitary gland
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The size of the pituitary gland is about ______ across. | 1 inch
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The pituitary gland is located on the ______ surface of the brain within the skull. | ventral
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The ________ is a stemlike stalk that connects pituitary to the hypothalamus. | infundibulum
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The pituitary gland is made up of two separate glands, the _______ (anterior pituitary gland) and the _______ (posterior pituitary gland). | adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis
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The adenohypophysis is divided into 2 parts, the _______ and the _______. | par anterior, pars intermedia
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The _______ forms the major portion of the adenohypophysis. | par anterior
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The tissue of the adenohypophysis is composed of irregular clumps of _______ supported by fine connective tissue fibers and surrounded by a rich ________. | secretory cells, vascular network
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Three types of cells within the adenohypophysis can be identified according to their ______ for certain ______. | affinity, stains
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What are cells within the adenohypophysis that do not stain? | chromophobes
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What are cells within the adenohypophysis that stain with acid stains? | acidophils
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What are cells within the adenohypophysis that stain with basic stains? | basophils
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What are five functional types of secretory cells within the adenohypophysis? | somatotrophs, corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, lactotrophs, gonadotrophs
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Somatotrophs secrete _______. | growth hormone (GH)
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Corticotrophs secrete _______ and _______. | adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
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Thyrotrophs secrete _______. | thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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Lactotrophs secrete _______. | prolactin (PRL)
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Gonadotrophs secrete _______ and _______. | luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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Growth hormone (GH) is also known as ________. | somatotropin (STH)
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_______ is also known as somatotropin (STH). | growth hormone (GH)
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Growth hormone (GH) promotes the growth of bone, muscle, and other tissues by accelerating _______ transport into the cells. | amino acid
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Growth hormone (GH) stimulates ________ by mobilizing lipids from storage in _______ cells and speeding up catabolism of the lipids after they have entered another cell. | fat metabolism, adipose
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_______ stimulates fat metabolism by mobilizing lipids from storage in adipose cells and speeding up _______ of the lipids after they have entered another cell. | Growth hormone (GH), catabolism
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Growth hormone (GH) tends to shift cell chemistry away from _______ catabolism and toward _______ catabolism as an energy source. | glucose, lipid
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Growth hormone (GH) leads to increased blood _______ levels. | glucose
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Growth hormone (GH) functions as an _________ and is vital to maintaining homeostasis of blood glucose levels. | insulin antagonist
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During pregnancy, prolactin (PRL) promotes the development of the breasts, anticipating ________. | milk secretion
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After the baby is born, prolactin (PRL) stimulates the mother's ________ to produce milk. | mammary glands
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Tropic hormones are hormones that have a _______ effect on other _________. | stimulating, endocrine glands
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_______ hormones are hormones that have a stimulating effect on other endocrine glands. | tropic
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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is also known as _______. | thyrotropin
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_______ promotes and maintains the growth and development of the thyroid. | thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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_______ causes the thyroid to secrete its hormones. | thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is also known as _______. | adrenocorticotropin
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) promotes and maintains normal growth and development of the cortex of the ______. | adrenal gland
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_______ stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete some of its hormones. | adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the female, stimulates ________ to grow toward maturity. | primary graafian follicles
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In females, _______ stimulates the follicle cells to secrete estrogens. | follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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In males, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the development of the _______ of the testes and maintains _______. | seminiferous tubules, spermatogenesis
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In females, luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the formation and activity of the ________ of the ovary. | corpus luteum
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The corpus luteum secretes _______ and _______ when stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH). | progesterone, estrogens
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_______ supports follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in stimulating the maturation of follicles. | luteinizing hormone (LH)
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In males, luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates ________ in the testes to develop and secrete ________. | interstitial cells, testosterone
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FSH and LH are called _________ because they stimulate the growth and maintenance of the gonads. | gonadotropins
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_______ works with other hormones to modulate the pigmentation of normal skin. | melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
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The hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones into the blood, which are then carried to the ________. | hypophyseal portal system
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Hypophyseal portal system carries blood from the _______ directly to the _______ where the target cells of the releasing hormones are located. | hypothalamus, adenohypophysis
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Releasing hormones influence the secretion of hormones by _______ and _______. | acidophils, basophils
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Through _______, the hypothalamus adjusts the secretions of the adenohypophysis. | negative feedback
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In stress, the hypothalamus translates nerve impulses into _______ by endocrine glands, basically creating a mind-body link | hormone secretions
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The neurohypophysis serves as a storage and release site for _______ and ________ which are synthesized in the ________. | antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin (OT), hypothalamus
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The release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT) into the blood is controlled by ________ stimulation. | nervous
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Prevents the formation of a large volume of urine, thereby helping the body ________ water. | conserve
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes a portion of each tubule in the kidney to reabsorb _______ from the urine it has formed. | water
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_________,detected by osmoreceptors, triggers the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). | dehydration
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Oxytocin (OT) causes ________ from the lactating breast. | milk ejection
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Oxytocin (OT) is regulated by a _________ feedback mechanism. | positive
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Prolactin (PRL) cooperates with _______. | oxytocin (OT)
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Oxytocin (OT) stimulates the contraction of ________ that occurs during childbirth. | uterine muscles
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