Anatomy
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| What are the 4 major functional characteristics of muscle? | contractility, excitability, extendability, elasticity
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| what is contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| what is excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| what is extensibility | the ability to be stretched
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| what is elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
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| what do muscles help produce? | heat that is essential for maintenance of normal body temperature
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| what is epimysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds skeletal muscle
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| what is fascia | another connective tissue located outside the epimysium. it surrounds and separates muscles
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| what is perimysium | loose connective tissue that surrounds muscle fasciculi
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| what is muscle fasciculi | numerous visible bundles
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| what are fibers | fasciculi composed of single muscle cells
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| what is endomysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds each muscle fiber
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| what are myofibrils | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| what are the 2 major types of protein fibers? | actin and myosin
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| what are actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments that resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together
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| what are myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments that resemble bundles of minute golf clubs
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| what are sarcomeres | highly ordered units formed by actin and myosin
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| what is resting membrane potential | the charge difference across the membrane
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| what is action potential | the breif reversal back of the charge
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| nerve cell that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons
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| what enters the muscle and branch | axons
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| each branch that connects to the muscle forms a _________, or __________ near the center of the cell | neuromusclular junction, or synapse
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| a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called ______ | motor unit
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| how is a neuromusclular junction formed | an enlarged nerve terminal resting in an indentation of the muscle cell membrane
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| what is the enlarged nerve terminal called | presynaptic terminal
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| what is the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | synaptic cleft and the muscle fiber is the postsynaptic terminal
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| each presynaptic terminal contains synaptic vesicles that secrete a neurotransmitter called________ | acetycholine
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| what is the acetylcholinesterase | acetylcholine released into synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell, rapidly broken down by the enzymes.
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| erector spinae | found in each stride of the back
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| what is the erector spinae do | it is responsible for erect posture
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| what is the external intercostals | it is the contract during inspiration
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| internal intercostals | is the contract during forced expiration
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| what is the dome shaped muscle | diaphram
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| what does the diaphram do | it is responsible for quiet breathing
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| what are the abs called | rectus abdominus
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| the white line of connective tissue that extends from the sternum to the pubis is called the | linea alba
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| tendinous inscriptions | cross the rectus abdominus in 3 places & forms a segregated look in the abs
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| two types of external abdominal obliques | internal and tranverse
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| Trapezius | rotates scapula
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| Serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| what 2 muscles attach the arm to the thorax | pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi
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| Pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm
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| Latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. “Swimmer muscles”
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| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb
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| Triceps brachii | extends the forearm. Occupies the posterior compartment of the arm
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| Biceps brachii | flexes the forearm. Occupies the anterior compartment of the arm.
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| Brachialis | flexes forearm
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| Brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm.
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| Retinaculum (bracelet) | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons
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| Flexor carpi | flexes the wrist.
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| Extensor carpi | extends the wrist
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| Flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers.
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| Extensor digitorum | extends the fingers
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| intrinsic hand muscles | 19 hand muscles,located within the hand
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| Gluteus maximus | buttocks
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| Gluteus medius | hip muscle and common injection site
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| Quadriceps femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles
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| Sartorius | “tailors muscle”; flexes the thigh
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| Hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh
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| Gastrocnemius and soleus | form the calf muscle
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| a muscle fiber is surrounded by the | endomysium
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| the whole muscle is surrounded by 2 layers of tissue called | facia and epimysium
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| a muscle is composed of numerous bundles called muscle | fasciculi
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| what is it called when there is a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus | a muscle twitch
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| a muscle fiber will not respond to stimuli until that stimulus reaches a level called | threshold
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| the time of contraction is the _______ phase | contraction
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| the time during which the muscle relaxes is the ___________ phase | relaxation
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| the condition where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing is called | tetany
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| aerobic respiration occurs when | in the presence of oxygen
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| what are the 2 types of tongue muscle | intrinsic and extrinsic
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| which tongue muscle changes the shape of the tongue | intrinsic
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| what does the orbicularis oculi do | closes the eyelid
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| what does the zygomaticus do | makes you smile
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| sneering is accomplished by the ______ ________ _________ | levatar labii superiorous
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| the frowning muscle is called the _________ _________ __________ | depresser anguli oris
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