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study of structure of an organism and relationships of it's parts-

anatomy

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study of the functions of living organisms and their parts-

physiology

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structural levels of organization in the body-

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ systems

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units of functional organization-

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

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11 main organ systems of the body-

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

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lying face upward- directional term-

supine

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lying face downward- directional term-

prone

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toward the head, upper or above- directional term-

superior

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toward the feet, lower or above- directional term-

inferior

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front or in front of- directional term-

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meaning toward the belly(anterior)- directional term-

ventral

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toward the back(posterior)-directional term-

dorsal

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toward midline-directional term-

medial

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toward the side of the body or away from midline-directional term-

lateral

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nearest point of origin or trunk of the body-directional term-

proximal

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away from point of origin or trunk of the body-directional term-

distal

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nearer the surface-directional term-

superficial

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farther away from body surface-directional term-

deep

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plane division leaving left and right sides-

saggital plane

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plane division leaving left and right EQUAL sides-

mid-saggital plane

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plane division leaving front and back sides-

frontal plane

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plane division leaving upper and lower portions-

transverse plane

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2 major body cavities-

ventral and dorsal

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system with major function being synthesizing vitamin D-

integumentary

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system with major function being forming blood cells-

skeletal system

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system with major functions being producing heat and maintaining posture-

muscular system

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fast acting system that activates muscles and glands-

nervous system

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system responsible for immunity and picking up and returning leaked fluid to and from blood-

lymphatic system

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system mostly composed of filters that regulate water, electrolytes, pH balance of blood-

urinary system

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feedback system where the output shuts off the original system-

negative feedback system

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feedback system that enhances or exaggerates the original system-

positive feedback system

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substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means-

elements

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atoms with same number of protons but different number of neutrons-

isotope

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average of the mass numbers of all isotopes-

atomic weight

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contains carbon, hydrogen, and major function is to supply a source of cellular food-

carbohydrates

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neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids are classified as-

lipids

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tri-glycerides with 2 fatty acids and a phosphorous layer-

phospholipids

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proteins are made bound together-

amino acids and peptide bonds

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tissue in skin, body linings, serous membranes, and some glandular tissues -

epithelial tissue

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epithelial tissue functions-

protection, absorption, filtration, secretion

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connective tissues perform what functions-

binding, support, protection, insulation, and transportation

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cells undergo rapid division in this layer-

basal layer

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paired spinal and cranial nerves. carry messages to and from the spinal cord and brain-

peripheral nervous system

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peripheral nervous system's 2 functional divisions-

sensory which is afferent and motor which is efferent

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the nervous system's motor division's 2 parts-

somatic, and autonomic nervous system

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receptive or input regions of the neuron-

the dendrites of motor neurons

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the site of protein synthesis-

ribosomes

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membranous bags containing digestive enzymes-

lysosomes

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organizes mitotic spindle during mitosis-

centrioles

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centriole pairs and separate and the mitotic spindle is formed in what phase-

early and late prophase

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chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell. centromeres align at the center-

metaphase

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chromosomes extend, nuclear membrane is formed; completes division-

telophase and cytokinesis

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transfer of information from DNA to RNA happens during-

transcription

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decoding of MRNA and production of protein occurs during-

translation

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smooth endoplasmic reticulum's main function-

lipid metabolism

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3 main types of receptors-

mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and nociceptors

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the regions of the spine and how many vertebrae they have-

cervical 8, thoracic 12, lumbar 5, sacral 5, coccygeal 1

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five components of a reflex arc-

receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

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which nervous system innervates smooth muscle, cardiac, and glandular tissue-

autonomic nervous system

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divisions of ANS-

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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mobilizes body during extreme situations- "e"vents- exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment-

sympathetic system

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performs maintenance, responsible for "d" activities- digestion, diuresis, defecation-

parasympathetic system

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membrane lining eyelids, lubricates and protects eye-

conjunctiva

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the blind spot of the eye, where optic nerves leave the eye-

optic disc

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plasma like fluid that fills the anterior of the eye, supports and nourishes-

aqueous humor

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posterior to the iris, helps refract light-

lens

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pathway of light entering the eye-

cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, neural layer of retina, photoreceptors

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3 regions of the brain stem-

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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4 major membrane types-

serous, mucous, synovial, cutaneous

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layers of skin-

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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sweat glands associated with body temp-

eccrine glands

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major parts of axial skeleton-

skull, spine, thoracic cage

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major parts of appendicular skeleton-

limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdle

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responsible for striations in skeletal muscle-

alternating actin and myosin

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the energy used in contraction of muscle is due to the decomposition of what-

ATP

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3 small auditory bones-

malleus, stapes, and incus

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contains photoreceptors, responsible for light/impulse conversion-

retina

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erythrocytosis-

abnormal increase in RBC

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makes up 70% of WBC, initial responder to invaders-

neutrophils

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the WBC that is key in inflammatory response-

basophils

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the WBC that is key in allergic response-

eosinophils

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lymphocytes that synthesize/secrete antibodies-

B cells

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T lymphocytes that secrete protein and increase B cell function-

helper T cells

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T lymphocytes that destroy-

cytotoxic T cells

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reduction of RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, increased destruction of RBC-

anemia

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disorder which causes depression of erythrocyte production, hematopoietic tissue replaced by fatty tissue-

aplastic anemia

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immunity where body produces specific antibodies to combat infection-

active immunity

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immunity cause by being given a weak antigen which stimulates forming of antibodies-

artificial acquired immunity

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immunity by way of leukocyte action-

cell mediated immunity

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immunity by way of antibody-antigen response-

humoral immunity

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immunity from being exposed to a disease and producing antibodies-

naturally acquired active immunity

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secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones-

adrenal cortex

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secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine-

adrenal medulla

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secretes ADH (vasopressin)-

posterior pituitary (neurohypopthysis)

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hormone that stimulates ovulation-

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hormone that stimulates egg production and hormone secretion-

FSH

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secretes thyroxine, calcitonin, and T4, T3-

thyroid gland

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gas exchange- oxygen is added to the blood and carbon dioxide is removed-

respiration

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upper tract of respiratory system-

nose, pharynx, larynx

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lower tract of respiratory system-

trachea, bronchi, lungs

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inhaling air into lungs and exhaling-

external respiration

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cellular respiration, exchange between blood and tissue-

internal respiration

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how many lobes in the lungs-

right 3, left 2

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alimentary canal consists of-

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine

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components of small intestine-

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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components of large intestine-

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

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accessory digestive organs-

salivary glands, teeth, tongue, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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3 parts of a tooth-

enamel, dentin, pulp cavity

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organ that main function is to absorb water and vitamins-

large intestine

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long shaft of the bone, hollow, made of compact bone-

diaphysis

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hollow area inside diaphysis containing yellow bone marrow-

medullary cavity

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ends of the bone, composed of spongy bone-

epiphyses

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thin layer of cartilage covering epiphyses-

articular cartilage

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strong fibrous membrane covering long bone except joints-

periosteum

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thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity-

endosteum

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trabeculae is to spongy bone as ______ is to compact bone-

osteons

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concentric lamella surrounds-

blood vessel

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"growth plate"-

epiphyseal plate

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muscles are made up of thick and thin-

myofilaments

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muscle that is mainly responsible for producing a particular movement-

prime mover

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muscles that help in producing movement-

synergists

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muscles that relax to help other muscles in a contraction-

antagonist

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chemical compounds released from axon terminals into a synaptic cleft-

synapse

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support cells that bring the cells of nervous tissue together structurally and functionally-

glia cells

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major center for controlling ANS-

hypothalamus

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first messenger hormones-

non-steroid hormones

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powerful substances that are produced in a tissue and diffuse a short distance to act on cells in that tissue-

prostaglandin

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decreases blood calcium concentration by inhibiting breakdown of bone-

calcitonin

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percentage of blood in our bodies-

7-9% of body weight

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formed elements of blood-

RBCs, WBCs, thrombocytes

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granular leukocytes-

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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nongranular leukocytes-

lymphocytes, monocytes

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RBC count-

around 5 mil per mm of blood

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WBC count-

5,000- 10,000 per mm of blood

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platelet count-

300,000 per mm of blood

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substance that can activate immune system-

antigen

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substance made by body in response to stimulation of antigen-

antibody

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contraction of the heart-

systole

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relaxation of the heart-

diastole

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carry blood away from the heart-

arteries

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carry blood to the heart-

veins

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carry blood from the arterioles to the venules-

capillaries

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3 layers of blood vessels-

tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

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pacemaker of the heart-

SA node

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causes air to move in and out of the lungs-

air pressure from size or shape change of the thorax

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amount normally breathed in or out with each breath-

tidal volume

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greatest amount of air that one can breathe out in one expiration-

vital capacity

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amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiring-

expiratory reserve volume

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amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after inspiring-

inspiratory reserve volume

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air that remains in the lungs after forceful expiration-

residual volume

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respiratory control centers are found in-

medulla

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layers of muscle tissue responsible for peristalsis-

muscularis

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how many permanent teeth-

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largest salivary glands-

parotid glands

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how long is small intestine-

about 20 ft.

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when kidneys do not produce urine-

urinary suppression

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when no urine is voided-

urinary retention

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cup shaped top of the renal corpuscle-

bowmans capsule

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network of blood capillaries surrounded by bowmans capsule-

glomerulus

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drains urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder-

ureters

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involuntary regulatory sphincter in urinary system-

internal urethral sphincter

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voluntary regulatory sphincter in urinary system-

external urethral sphincter

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ph level of 12 is thought to be-

a base

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ph level of 2 is thought to be-

an acid

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normal ph of arterial blood-

7.45

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essential organs of reproduction-

the testes and the ovaries

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sperm pre cursor cells-

spermatogonia

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produces yellowish thick secretions rich in fructose to provide sperm with energy-

seminal vesicles

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produces 30% of seminal fluid volume which is thin and milky

prostate gland

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secretes mucus like fluid contributing 5% of seminal fluid

cowper's gland

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ovarian follicles covered in granulosa cells-

primary follicles

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ovarian follicles with a hollow chamber called the antrum-

secondary follicles

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this forms after ovulation-

corpus luteum

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granulosa cells produce-

estrogen

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corpus luteum produces-

progesterone

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ducts that drain at the nipple-

lactiferous ducts

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first 4 days of the menstrual cycle-

menses

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days between the end of menses and the secretory phase-

proliferative phase

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days between ovulation and next menses-

secretory phase

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