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A&P Final 2011
General Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| study of structure of an organism and relationships of it's parts- | anatomy |
| study of the functions of living organisms and their parts- | physiology |
| structural levels of organization in the body- | chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ systems |
| units of functional organization- | cells, tissues, organs, organ systems |
| 11 main organ systems of the body- | integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive |
| lying face upward- directional term- | supine |
| lying face downward- directional term- | prone |
| toward the head, upper or above- directional term- | superior |
| toward the feet, lower or above- directional term- | inferior |
| front or in front of- directional term- | anterior |
| meaning toward the belly(anterior)- directional term- | ventral |
| toward the back(posterior)-directional term- | dorsal |
| toward midline-directional term- | medial |
| toward the side of the body or away from midline-directional term- | lateral |
| nearest point of origin or trunk of the body-directional term- | proximal |
| away from point of origin or trunk of the body-directional term- | distal |
| nearer the surface-directional term- | superficial |
| farther away from body surface-directional term- | deep |
| plane division leaving left and right sides- | saggital plane |
| plane division leaving left and right EQUAL sides- | mid-saggital plane |
| plane division leaving front and back sides- | frontal plane |
| plane division leaving upper and lower portions- | transverse plane |
| 2 major body cavities- | ventral and dorsal |
| system with major function being synthesizing vitamin D- | integumentary |
| system with major function being forming blood cells- | skeletal system |
| system with major functions being producing heat and maintaining posture- | muscular system |
| fast acting system that activates muscles and glands- | nervous system |
| system responsible for immunity and picking up and returning leaked fluid to and from blood- | lymphatic system |
| system mostly composed of filters that regulate water, electrolytes, pH balance of blood- | urinary system |
| feedback system where the output shuts off the original system- | negative feedback system |
| feedback system that enhances or exaggerates the original system- | positive feedback system |
| substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means- | elements |
| atoms with same number of protons but different number of neutrons- | isotope |
| average of the mass numbers of all isotopes- | atomic weight |
| contains carbon, hydrogen, and major function is to supply a source of cellular food- | carbohydrates |
| neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids are classified as- | lipids |
| tri-glycerides with 2 fatty acids and a phosphorous layer- | phospholipids |
| proteins are made bound together- | amino acids and peptide bonds |
| tissue in skin, body linings, serous membranes, and some glandular tissues - | epithelial tissue |
| epithelial tissue functions- | protection, absorption, filtration, secretion |
| connective tissues perform what functions- | binding, support, protection, insulation, and transportation |
| cells undergo rapid division in this layer- | basal layer |
| paired spinal and cranial nerves. carry messages to and from the spinal cord and brain- | peripheral nervous system |
| peripheral nervous system's 2 functional divisions- | sensory which is afferent and motor which is efferent |
| the nervous system's motor division's 2 parts- | somatic, and autonomic nervous system |
| receptive or input regions of the neuron- | the dendrites of motor neurons |
| the site of protein synthesis- | ribosomes |
| membranous bags containing digestive enzymes- | lysosomes |
| organizes mitotic spindle during mitosis- | centrioles |
| centriole pairs and separate and the mitotic spindle is formed in what phase- | early and late prophase |
| chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell. centromeres align at the center- | metaphase |
| chromosomes extend, nuclear membrane is formed; completes division- | telophase and cytokinesis |
| transfer of information from DNA to RNA happens during- | transcription |
| decoding of MRNA and production of protein occurs during- | translation |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum's main function- | lipid metabolism |
| 3 main types of receptors- | mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and nociceptors |
| the regions of the spine and how many vertebrae they have- | cervical 8, thoracic 12, lumbar 5, sacral 5, coccygeal 1 |
| five components of a reflex arc- | receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector |
| which nervous system innervates smooth muscle, cardiac, and glandular tissue- | autonomic nervous system |
| divisions of ANS- | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| mobilizes body during extreme situations- "e"vents- exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment- | sympathetic system |
| performs maintenance, responsible for "d" activities- digestion, diuresis, defecation- | parasympathetic system |
| membrane lining eyelids, lubricates and protects eye- | conjunctiva |
| the blind spot of the eye, where optic nerves leave the eye- | optic disc |
| plasma like fluid that fills the anterior of the eye, supports and nourishes- | aqueous humor |
| posterior to the iris, helps refract light- | lens |
| pathway of light entering the eye- | cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, neural layer of retina, photoreceptors |
| 3 regions of the brain stem- | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
| 4 major membrane types- | serous, mucous, synovial, cutaneous |
| layers of skin- | epidermis, dermis, hypodermis |
| sweat glands associated with body temp- | eccrine glands |
| major parts of axial skeleton- | skull, spine, thoracic cage |
| major parts of appendicular skeleton- | limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdle |
| responsible for striations in skeletal muscle- | alternating actin and myosin |
| the energy used in contraction of muscle is due to the decomposition of what- | ATP |
| 3 small auditory bones- | malleus, stapes, and incus |
| contains photoreceptors, responsible for light/impulse conversion- | retina |
| erythrocytosis- | abnormal increase in RBC |
| makes up 70% of WBC, initial responder to invaders- | neutrophils |
| the WBC that is key in inflammatory response- | basophils |
| the WBC that is key in allergic response- | eosinophils |
| lymphocytes that synthesize/secrete antibodies- | B cells |
| T lymphocytes that secrete protein and increase B cell function- | helper T cells |
| T lymphocytes that destroy- | cytotoxic T cells |
| reduction of RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, increased destruction of RBC- | anemia |
| disorder which causes depression of erythrocyte production, hematopoietic tissue replaced by fatty tissue- | aplastic anemia |
| immunity where body produces specific antibodies to combat infection- | active immunity |
| immunity cause by being given a weak antigen which stimulates forming of antibodies- | artificial acquired immunity |
| immunity by way of leukocyte action- | cell mediated immunity |
| immunity by way of antibody-antigen response- | humoral immunity |
| immunity from being exposed to a disease and producing antibodies- | naturally acquired active immunity |
| secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones- | adrenal cortex |
| secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine- | adrenal medulla |
| secretes ADH (vasopressin)- | posterior pituitary (neurohypopthysis) |
| hormone that stimulates ovulation- | LH |
| hormone that stimulates egg production and hormone secretion- | FSH |
| secretes thyroxine, calcitonin, and T4, T3- | thyroid gland |
| gas exchange- oxygen is added to the blood and carbon dioxide is removed- | respiration |
| upper tract of respiratory system- | nose, pharynx, larynx |
| lower tract of respiratory system- | trachea, bronchi, lungs |
| inhaling air into lungs and exhaling- | external respiration |
| cellular respiration, exchange between blood and tissue- | internal respiration |
| how many lobes in the lungs- | right 3, left 2 |
| alimentary canal consists of- | mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine |
| components of small intestine- | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| components of large intestine- | cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus |
| accessory digestive organs- | salivary glands, teeth, tongue, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
| 3 parts of a tooth- | enamel, dentin, pulp cavity |
| organ that main function is to absorb water and vitamins- | large intestine |
| long shaft of the bone, hollow, made of compact bone- | diaphysis |
| hollow area inside diaphysis containing yellow bone marrow- | medullary cavity |
| ends of the bone, composed of spongy bone- | epiphyses |
| thin layer of cartilage covering epiphyses- | articular cartilage |
| strong fibrous membrane covering long bone except joints- | periosteum |
| thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity- | endosteum |
| trabeculae is to spongy bone as ______ is to compact bone- | osteons |
| concentric lamella surrounds- | blood vessel |
| "growth plate"- | epiphyseal plate |
| muscles are made up of thick and thin- | myofilaments |
| muscle that is mainly responsible for producing a particular movement- | prime mover |
| muscles that help in producing movement- | synergists |
| muscles that relax to help other muscles in a contraction- | antagonist |
| chemical compounds released from axon terminals into a synaptic cleft- | synapse |
| support cells that bring the cells of nervous tissue together structurally and functionally- | glia cells |
| major center for controlling ANS- | hypothalamus |
| first messenger hormones- | non-steroid hormones |
| powerful substances that are produced in a tissue and diffuse a short distance to act on cells in that tissue- | prostaglandin |
| decreases blood calcium concentration by inhibiting breakdown of bone- | calcitonin |
| percentage of blood in our bodies- | 7-9% of body weight |
| formed elements of blood- | RBCs, WBCs, thrombocytes |
| granular leukocytes- | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| nongranular leukocytes- | lymphocytes, monocytes |
| RBC count- | around 5 mil per mm of blood |
| WBC count- | 5,000- 10,000 per mm of blood |
| platelet count- | 300,000 per mm of blood |
| substance that can activate immune system- | antigen |
| substance made by body in response to stimulation of antigen- | antibody |
| contraction of the heart- | systole |
| relaxation of the heart- | diastole |
| carry blood away from the heart- | arteries |
| carry blood to the heart- | veins |
| carry blood from the arterioles to the venules- | capillaries |
| 3 layers of blood vessels- | tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima |
| pacemaker of the heart- | SA node |
| causes air to move in and out of the lungs- | air pressure from size or shape change of the thorax |
| amount normally breathed in or out with each breath- | tidal volume |
| greatest amount of air that one can breathe out in one expiration- | vital capacity |
| amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiring- | expiratory reserve volume |
| amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after inspiring- | inspiratory reserve volume |
| air that remains in the lungs after forceful expiration- | residual volume |
| respiratory control centers are found in- | medulla |
| layers of muscle tissue responsible for peristalsis- | muscularis |
| how many permanent teeth- | 32 |
| largest salivary glands- | parotid glands |
| how long is small intestine- | about 20 ft. |
| when kidneys do not produce urine- | urinary suppression |
| when no urine is voided- | urinary retention |
| cup shaped top of the renal corpuscle- | bowmans capsule |
| network of blood capillaries surrounded by bowmans capsule- | glomerulus |
| drains urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder- | ureters |
| involuntary regulatory sphincter in urinary system- | internal urethral sphincter |
| voluntary regulatory sphincter in urinary system- | external urethral sphincter |
| ph level of 12 is thought to be- | a base |
| ph level of 2 is thought to be- | an acid |
| normal ph of arterial blood- | 7.45 |
| essential organs of reproduction- | the testes and the ovaries |
| sperm pre cursor cells- | spermatogonia |
| produces yellowish thick secretions rich in fructose to provide sperm with energy- | seminal vesicles |
| produces 30% of seminal fluid volume which is thin and milky | prostate gland |
| secretes mucus like fluid contributing 5% of seminal fluid | cowper's gland |
| ovarian follicles covered in granulosa cells- | primary follicles |
| ovarian follicles with a hollow chamber called the antrum- | secondary follicles |
| this forms after ovulation- | corpus luteum |
| granulosa cells produce- | estrogen |
| corpus luteum produces- | progesterone |
| ducts that drain at the nipple- | lactiferous ducts |
| first 4 days of the menstrual cycle- | menses |
| days between the end of menses and the secretory phase- | proliferative phase |
| days between ovulation and next menses- | secretory phase |
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