Digestive
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| show | ingestion, digestion, absorption, compaction, defecation
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| show | intake of food
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| show | mechanical & chemical breakdown of food
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| show | uptake of macromolecules into epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the blood or lymph
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| compaction | show 🗑
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| show | elimination of feces
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| show | structures not part of digestive canal (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
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| peritoneum | show 🗑
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| layers of digestive tract= | show 🗑
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| mucosa | show 🗑
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| show | • Connective tissue w/ capillaries & blood vessels, lymph vessels
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| muscularis externa | show 🗑
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| serosa | show 🗑
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| show | 1. myenteric plexus (PERISTALSIS, contractions of muscularis externa), 2. submucosal plexus (GLANDULAR secretions of mucosa, movements of muscularis mucosae)
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| show | mechanical & chemical
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| show | long (VAGOVAGAL) reflexes, short (MYENTERIC) reflexes, hormones
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| GI tract effects= | show 🗑
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| saliva/ salivary gland functions | show 🗑
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| Intrinsic salivary glands | show 🗑
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| extrinsic salivary glands | show 🗑
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| show | secrete mucus, stimulated by sympathetic NS
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| serous cells | show 🗑
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| pharynx | show 🗑
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| show | =swallowing
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| esophagus | show 🗑
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| show | movement of a bolus by successive wave of contraction starting at one place of mouth, moving down
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| stomach | show 🗑
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| pyloric sphincter | show 🗑
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| show | HCl (very acidic stomach), intrinsic factor (for B12 absorption) --> pernicious anemia= deficiency
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| show | activates enzymes, denatures proteins, converts Fe3+ to Fe2+, destroys most pathogens
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| regenerative (stem cells) | show 🗑
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| gastric glands: types of cells | show 🗑
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| show | secrete paracrine factors and hormone GASTRIN (G-cells); secretions= HORMONES (gastrin= most important hormone)
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| show | secrete pepsinogen (to break down proteins) & lipase (break down fat)
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| show | =vomiting; in response to: overstretching of the stomach or duodenum, chemical irritants (alcohol, bacterial toxins), visceral trauma, intense pain or psychological and sensory stimuli
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| show | cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase
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| cephalic phase | show 🗑
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| gastric phase | show 🗑
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| intestinal phase | show 🗑
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| main cell type of liver | show 🗑
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| show | glucose, amino acids, iron, vitamins, and other nutrients for metabolism or storage
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| hepatocytes degrade from blood... | show 🗑
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| hepatocytes secrete into blood.... | show 🗑
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| hepatocytes excrete bile: | show 🗑
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| gallbladder main functions | show 🗑
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| show | bilirubin (excretory product), bile salts (bile acids-
steroids synthesized from cholesterol), EMULSIFY FATS (dissolve fats in aqueous solutions w/ hydrophillic & hydrophobic side)
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| show | formed if bile is too concentrated; 80% bile acids reabsorbed in small intestine --> liver; 20% excreted in feces
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| show | proteases (trypsinogen, carboxypeptidase), amylase, lipase, ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease
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| show | HCO3 ions (bicarbonate)
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| pancreas: hormones regulating secretion | show 🗑
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| show | from VAGUS & enteric nerves --> stimulate acini to secrete enzymes
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| CCK | show 🗑
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| secretin | show 🗑
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| show | Receives and MIXES chyme, pancreatic juice, and bile, Emulsify fats (via bile acids), neutralize acids, pancreatic enzymes take over job of chemical digestion
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| jejunum | show 🗑
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| show | last 60% of small intestine, thinner less muscular & vascular; lots of LYMPHATIC NODULES (=PEYER PATCHES), contains villi & microvilli; lacteal, absorption of LIPIDS
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| VILLI | show 🗑
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| show | fuzzy border on apical surface of each absorptive cell: the “brush border” increases absorptive surface area, brush border enzymes
carry out some of the FINAL STAGES of enzymatic digestion
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| peristalsis | show 🗑
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| segmentation | show 🗑
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| carb digestion: starch is digested to.... | show 🗑
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| show | transmembrane transporters move monosaccarides across cells
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| show | =enzymes that digest proteins; begin work in stomach @ pH 1.5- 3.5; pepsin digests 10-15% of dietary protein --> shorter peptides and some free amino acids; pancreatic & brush border enzymes reduce oligopeptides --> amino acids
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| show | Na+ dependent amino acid cotransporters move amino acids into epithelial cells
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| micelles | show 🗑
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| show | does not chemically change the residue,
reabsorbs water and electrolytes
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| show | 75% water, 25% solids (bacteria, undigested fiber, fat); also lots of BACTERIA
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| bacterial flora | show 🗑
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| show | feces stretch rectum --> stimulate stretch receptors --> signal to spinal cord; spinal reflex --> contraction of rectum --> relaxes internal anal sphincter; impulses from brain prevent untimely defecation by keeping external anal sphincter contracted
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Created by:
kpan
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