Respiratory System
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| Microanatomy | Respiratory System
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| Conduction portion of respiration is located: | Outside and within the lungs
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| Function of conducting portion is: | Move air into lungs, moisten and warm inspired air, and filter
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| Respiratory portion of respiration is located: | Only in the lung
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| Function of respiration portion is: | Exchange gases
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| Patency of conducting portion is maintained by: | Bone, cartilage, and fibrous elements
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| Conduction portion consists of: | Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
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| Respiratory portion consists of: | Alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
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| Respiratory epithelia changes are: | Pseudostratified columnar >> ciliated columnar >> cuboidal >> simple squamous
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| Ciliated columnar epithelia begins: | Between lobar and segmental bronchi
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| Cuboidal epithelia begins: | At respiratory bronchioles
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| Simple squamous epithelia begins: | Alveoli
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| Cartilage and seromucous glands are absent in: | Bronchioles
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| Goblet cells end at: | Terminal bronchioles
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| Ciliated cells end in: | Respiratory bronchiole
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| Smooth muscles takes on a more prominent role when: | Cartilage starts to end
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| Elastic fibers are found: | At all levels, important for proper lung function
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| Three distinct regions of nasal cavity are: | Vestibule, respiratory, and olfactory
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| Support for nasal vestibule | Hyaline cartilage
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| Glands in nasal vestibule | Sebaceous and sweat
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| Epithelium in nasal vestibule | Stratified squamous, keratinized
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| Cell types in nasal vestibule | Epdermal
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| Additional features in nasal vestibule | Vibrissae
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| Support for nasal respiratory cavity | Cartilage and bone
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| Glands in nasal respiratory cavity | Seromucous
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| Epithelium in nasal respiratory cavity | Respiratory
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| Cell types in nasal respiratory cavity | Goblet, basal, ciliated, brush, serous, and DNES
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| Additional features in respiratory cavity | Erectile-like tissue
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| Support for nasal olfactory cavity | Bone
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| Glands in nasal olfactory cavity | Bowman’s (serous)
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| Epithelium in nasal olfactory cavity | Olfactory
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| Cell types in nasal olfactory cavity | Olfactory, sustentacular, and basal
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| Additional features in nasal olfactory cavity | Olfactory vesicle
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| Respiratory part of nasal cavity is lined by: | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and lamina propria
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| Lamina propria of nasal respiratory cavity tightly binds to: | Underlying bone and cartilage
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| Mucoperiosteum | Vascularized (arterial plexus and venous sinuses) with abundant lymphoid elements and lamina propria
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| Paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx are lined with: | Respiratory epithelium
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| Olfactory epithelium is characterized by: | Lack of goblet cells, presence of olfactory cells, and Bowman’s glands
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| Compared to respiratory epithelium, olfactory epithelium is: | Taller
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| Respiratory cilia is ___, olfactory cilia is ___. | motile, non-motile
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| Larynx is supported by: | Hyaline and elastic cartilage
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| Larynx epithelial lining exhibits: | Regional differences
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| Except at the epiglottis and vocal folds, larynx is lined by: | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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| Vocal cords and epiglottis are lined by: | Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
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| Free edge of vocal folds reinforced with: | Dense regular elastic connective tissue (vocal ligament)
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| True vocal cords, unlike false vocal cords, has: | Striated muscle
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| Trachea is reinforced by: | C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings
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| C-shaped cartilage rings connect to each other by: | Fibroelastic connective tissue
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| Coughing causes trachea to: | Collapse to a slit
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| Longitudinal folds in mucosa of trachea is formed by: | Elastic fibers
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| Connecting the two free ends of the C-shaped cartilage ring is: | Trachealis (smooth muscle)
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| Trachea is characterized by: | Thick basement membrane, elastic lamina separating mucosa from submucosa, and seromucous glands in submucosa
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| Pathology of exposure to chronic irritants | Increased number of goblet cells and decreased number of ciliated results in increased mucus secretion but reduced elimination
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| Small cell carcinoma, “oat cell”, arises from: | DNES cells
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| Bronchial tree trends as size/diameter decreases | Decrease in cartilage, number of glands and goblet cells, and height of epithelial cells and an increase in smooth muscle and elastic tissue
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| Secondary and tertiary bronchi are characterized by: | Irregular plates of cartilage and two smooth muscle layers between lamina propria and submucosa
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| Bronchioles are characterized by: | Lack of cartilage and submucosal glands, and are lined by ciliated simple epithelium with a large smooth muscle layer
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| Diameter of bronchioles | <1 mm
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| Clara cells are located in: | Bronchioles
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| Clara Cells | Dome shaped ciliated cells found in the bronchioles that secretes glycosaminoglycan to reduce surface tension and degrade toxins with P450, and can also regenerate bronchiole epithelium
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| Abundant smooth muscle in bronchioles function to: | Regulate bronchiole diameter
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| Terminal bronchioles are lined by: | Simple cuboidal epithelium with many clara cells (and no goblet cells)
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| Diameter of terminal bronchioles | < 0.5mm
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| Asthma | Chronic inflammatory disease characterized by reversible bronchoconstriction
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| Symptoms of asthma | Wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath
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| Common treatment for asthma | Albuterol, a B2-adrenergic receptor agonist
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| Sympathetic fibers in asthma | B2-adrenergic, relaxes bronchial smooth muscles
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| Parasympathetic fibers in asthma | Cholinergic, contracts bronchial smooth muscles
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| Respiratory bronchioles are similar to terminal bronchioles except: | Walls are interrupted by gas-exchanging alveoli
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| Alveolar duct structure | No wall of their own, formed by linear arrangements of alveoli with 2 to 3 alveolar sacs at end
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| Alveolar sacs have no: | Smooth muscle
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| Alveolar ducts are controlled by: | Sphincter formed from single smooth muscle cell
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| Interalveolar septum | Contains pulmonary capillaries and reinforces walls of alveolar duct
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| Elastin fibers | Surrounds alveoli, contributes to expiration and protects against distension (responsible for elastic recoil)
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| Leading cause of emphysema is: | Smoking
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| Best treatment for smoking related emphysema is: | Stop smoking
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| Elastase | Released by macrophages and neutrophils and destroys elastic fibers in lungs
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| a1-antitrypsin protein | Protects against elastase, chronic smoking inhibits
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| Ephysema | Large fluid-filled spaces in lungs that decreases gas exchange capability
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| Emphysema becomes an irreversible disease once: | Elastic fibers are destroyed (cannot be replaced)
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| Alveoli are lined by a: | Simple squamous epithelium, consisting of type I and II pneumocytes
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| Type I pneumocytes | Adjacent type I cells connected by tight junctions that covers 95% of alveolar surface, preventing seepage of fluid into lumen
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| Type II pneumocytes | Cuboidal cell with dome surface extending into lumen, secretes surfactant
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| Pores of Kohn | Pores between adjacent alveoli that allows air to equilibrate air pressure and collateral flow
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| Lobar pneumonia spreads through: | Pores of Kohn
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| Surfactant contains: | 2 phospholipids, dipalmitoyl phophatidylcholine and phosphatidylglyceral, and 4 surfactant apoproteins
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| Type I and II pneumocytes are regenerated by: | Type II pneumocytes
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| Maternal diabetes can inhibit: | Surfactant production
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| Alveolar macrophages are called: | Dust cells
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| Dust cells are derived from: | Circulating monocytes
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| Function of dust cell is to: | Phagocytose small particles in alveolar lumen and help type II pneumocytes reuptake surfactant
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| Heart failure cells | Dust cells that phagocytose extravasated RBCs and are filled with hemosiderin, producing rust colored sputum
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