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MA - Respiratory
Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microanatomy | Respiratory System |
| Conduction portion of respiration is located: | Outside and within the lungs |
| Function of conducting portion is: | Move air into lungs, moisten and warm inspired air, and filter |
| Respiratory portion of respiration is located: | Only in the lung |
| Function of respiration portion is: | Exchange gases |
| Patency of conducting portion is maintained by: | Bone, cartilage, and fibrous elements |
| Conduction portion consists of: | Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles |
| Respiratory portion consists of: | Alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli |
| Respiratory epithelia changes are: | Pseudostratified columnar >> ciliated columnar >> cuboidal >> simple squamous |
| Ciliated columnar epithelia begins: | Between lobar and segmental bronchi |
| Cuboidal epithelia begins: | At respiratory bronchioles |
| Simple squamous epithelia begins: | Alveoli |
| Cartilage and seromucous glands are absent in: | Bronchioles |
| Goblet cells end at: | Terminal bronchioles |
| Ciliated cells end in: | Respiratory bronchiole |
| Smooth muscles takes on a more prominent role when: | Cartilage starts to end |
| Elastic fibers are found: | At all levels, important for proper lung function |
| Three distinct regions of nasal cavity are: | Vestibule, respiratory, and olfactory |
| Support for nasal vestibule | Hyaline cartilage |
| Glands in nasal vestibule | Sebaceous and sweat |
| Epithelium in nasal vestibule | Stratified squamous, keratinized |
| Cell types in nasal vestibule | Epdermal |
| Additional features in nasal vestibule | Vibrissae |
| Support for nasal respiratory cavity | Cartilage and bone |
| Glands in nasal respiratory cavity | Seromucous |
| Epithelium in nasal respiratory cavity | Respiratory |
| Cell types in nasal respiratory cavity | Goblet, basal, ciliated, brush, serous, and DNES |
| Additional features in respiratory cavity | Erectile-like tissue |
| Support for nasal olfactory cavity | Bone |
| Glands in nasal olfactory cavity | Bowman’s (serous) |
| Epithelium in nasal olfactory cavity | Olfactory |
| Cell types in nasal olfactory cavity | Olfactory, sustentacular, and basal |
| Additional features in nasal olfactory cavity | Olfactory vesicle |
| Respiratory part of nasal cavity is lined by: | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and lamina propria |
| Lamina propria of nasal respiratory cavity tightly binds to: | Underlying bone and cartilage |
| Mucoperiosteum | Vascularized (arterial plexus and venous sinuses) with abundant lymphoid elements and lamina propria |
| Paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx are lined with: | Respiratory epithelium |
| Olfactory epithelium is characterized by: | Lack of goblet cells, presence of olfactory cells, and Bowman’s glands |
| Compared to respiratory epithelium, olfactory epithelium is: | Taller |
| Respiratory cilia is ___, olfactory cilia is ___. | motile, non-motile |
| Larynx is supported by: | Hyaline and elastic cartilage |
| Larynx epithelial lining exhibits: | Regional differences |
| Except at the epiglottis and vocal folds, larynx is lined by: | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
| Vocal cords and epiglottis are lined by: | Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium |
| Free edge of vocal folds reinforced with: | Dense regular elastic connective tissue (vocal ligament) |
| True vocal cords, unlike false vocal cords, has: | Striated muscle |
| Trachea is reinforced by: | C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings |
| C-shaped cartilage rings connect to each other by: | Fibroelastic connective tissue |
| Coughing causes trachea to: | Collapse to a slit |
| Longitudinal folds in mucosa of trachea is formed by: | Elastic fibers |
| Connecting the two free ends of the C-shaped cartilage ring is: | Trachealis (smooth muscle) |
| Trachea is characterized by: | Thick basement membrane, elastic lamina separating mucosa from submucosa, and seromucous glands in submucosa |
| Pathology of exposure to chronic irritants | Increased number of goblet cells and decreased number of ciliated results in increased mucus secretion but reduced elimination |
| Small cell carcinoma, “oat cell”, arises from: | DNES cells |
| Bronchial tree trends as size/diameter decreases | Decrease in cartilage, number of glands and goblet cells, and height of epithelial cells and an increase in smooth muscle and elastic tissue |
| Secondary and tertiary bronchi are characterized by: | Irregular plates of cartilage and two smooth muscle layers between lamina propria and submucosa |
| Bronchioles are characterized by: | Lack of cartilage and submucosal glands, and are lined by ciliated simple epithelium with a large smooth muscle layer |
| Diameter of bronchioles | <1 mm |
| Clara cells are located in: | Bronchioles |
| Clara Cells | Dome shaped ciliated cells found in the bronchioles that secretes glycosaminoglycan to reduce surface tension and degrade toxins with P450, and can also regenerate bronchiole epithelium |
| Abundant smooth muscle in bronchioles function to: | Regulate bronchiole diameter |
| Terminal bronchioles are lined by: | Simple cuboidal epithelium with many clara cells (and no goblet cells) |
| Diameter of terminal bronchioles | < 0.5mm |
| Asthma | Chronic inflammatory disease characterized by reversible bronchoconstriction |
| Symptoms of asthma | Wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath |
| Common treatment for asthma | Albuterol, a B2-adrenergic receptor agonist |
| Sympathetic fibers in asthma | B2-adrenergic, relaxes bronchial smooth muscles |
| Parasympathetic fibers in asthma | Cholinergic, contracts bronchial smooth muscles |
| Respiratory bronchioles are similar to terminal bronchioles except: | Walls are interrupted by gas-exchanging alveoli |
| Alveolar duct structure | No wall of their own, formed by linear arrangements of alveoli with 2 to 3 alveolar sacs at end |
| Alveolar sacs have no: | Smooth muscle |
| Alveolar ducts are controlled by: | Sphincter formed from single smooth muscle cell |
| Interalveolar septum | Contains pulmonary capillaries and reinforces walls of alveolar duct |
| Elastin fibers | Surrounds alveoli, contributes to expiration and protects against distension (responsible for elastic recoil) |
| Leading cause of emphysema is: | Smoking |
| Best treatment for smoking related emphysema is: | Stop smoking |
| Elastase | Released by macrophages and neutrophils and destroys elastic fibers in lungs |
| a1-antitrypsin protein | Protects against elastase, chronic smoking inhibits |
| Ephysema | Large fluid-filled spaces in lungs that decreases gas exchange capability |
| Emphysema becomes an irreversible disease once: | Elastic fibers are destroyed (cannot be replaced) |
| Alveoli are lined by a: | Simple squamous epithelium, consisting of type I and II pneumocytes |
| Type I pneumocytes | Adjacent type I cells connected by tight junctions that covers 95% of alveolar surface, preventing seepage of fluid into lumen |
| Type II pneumocytes | Cuboidal cell with dome surface extending into lumen, secretes surfactant |
| Pores of Kohn | Pores between adjacent alveoli that allows air to equilibrate air pressure and collateral flow |
| Lobar pneumonia spreads through: | Pores of Kohn |
| Surfactant contains: | 2 phospholipids, dipalmitoyl phophatidylcholine and phosphatidylglyceral, and 4 surfactant apoproteins |
| Type I and II pneumocytes are regenerated by: | Type II pneumocytes |
| Maternal diabetes can inhibit: | Surfactant production |
| Alveolar macrophages are called: | Dust cells |
| Dust cells are derived from: | Circulating monocytes |
| Function of dust cell is to: | Phagocytose small particles in alveolar lumen and help type II pneumocytes reuptake surfactant |
| Heart failure cells | Dust cells that phagocytose extravasated RBCs and are filled with hemosiderin, producing rust colored sputum |
Created by:
emyang
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