Chapter two- the chemical level of organization
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| matter | anything that occupies space and has mass
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| energy | the ability to do work in the form of potential and kinetic energy
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| potential energy | stored energy
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| kinetic energy | movement
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| chemical energy | nuclear energy and the breaking of ATP bonds to create energy
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| electrical energy | vision
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| mechanical energy | hydraulic machines and chewing food
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| radiant energy | from the sun
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| adenosine triphosphate | high energy compound used by all cells. Energy is realsed by breaking high-energy phosphate bonds
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| forms of heat | thermal, radiation, kinetic, molecular movement
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| elements | fundamental units of matter
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| carbon | 18.5%
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| oxygen | 65%
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| hydrogen | 9.5%
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| nitrogen | 3.3%
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| magnesium | thyroid hormone production
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| sodium and potassium | important in nerve cell conditions
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| calcium | found as salt in bones and teeth
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| phosphorous | calcium absorption
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| protons | the positively charged particles of the atom
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| neutrons | the neutral particles of the atom
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| electrons | have a negative charge and make up the outer shell of the atom, known as the orbital
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| the nucleus | the center of the atom which is made up of neutrons and protons
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| atomic number | the number of protons in an atom
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| mass number | the number of protons and neutrons
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| neutrons weigh | 1.009 daltons
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| protons weigh | 1.007 daltons
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| electrons and bonding | electrons occupy energy levels called electron shells, electrons closest to the nucleus are strongly attached, each shell has distict properties, shells closest to the nucleus fill first
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| electron energy rule | the greater the distance the electron exists from the shell, the more energy it has
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| isotopes | atoms of the same elements that have different numbers of neutrons
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| valence electrons | electrons in the outer shell
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| molecule | two or more like atoms that combine chemically
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| compound | two or more different atoms combined chemically
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| reactive elements | calence shells are not full and are unstable
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| inert elements | have complete valence shells and are stable
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| conding | atoms will transfer or share valence electrons until their outer shell becomes more stable
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| ionic bonding | electrons are transferred to other elements
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| anions | negatively charged
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| cations | positively charged
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| covalent bonding | atoms share electrons
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| single covalent bonds | share 1 electron
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| double covalent bonds | share 2 electrons
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| hydrogen bonding | bonds that form between hydrogen atoms, the weakest of chemical bonds, hydrogen is attracted to the negative portion of polar molecules
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| polarity | an unequal sharing of electrons that causes a slight negative and positivie charge on the different ends of a molecule
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| chemical reaction | a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. chemical reactions always involve changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms together
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| reactants | the elements of compounds that enter into a chemical reaction
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| products | the elements of compounds produced by a chemical reaction
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| endergonic reactions | use energy
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| exergonic reactions | release energy
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| metabolites | all the compounds that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside the body
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| enzymes | proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms by lowering the activation energy. enzymes act as catalysts that increase only the rate of chemical reactions
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| synthesesi (anabolic) reaction | A+B-> AB
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| decomposition (catabolic) reaction | AB->A+B
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| exchange reactions | AB+CD-> AD+BC
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| organic compounds | contains carbon that forms 4 bonds
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| inorganic compounds | lack carbon and tend to be simpler compounds
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| water | universal solvent of life, 82% of blood, 65% body weight, 60% volume of cells, most abundant inorganic compound
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| carbond | most cells are composed of carbon based compounds
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| acids | release hydrogen ions in solution
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| bases | release hydrogen ions in solution
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| neutralization reaction | acids and bases react to form water and salt
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| electrolytes | soluble inorganic compounds whose ions conduct an electrical current in water
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| 4 types of organic compounds | carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
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| carbohydrates | made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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| monosaccharids | simple sugars
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| disaccharides | formed when two monosaccharides link together
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| polysaccharides | composed of 3 of more joined monosaccharides
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| isomers | compounds with the same chemical formula by different structures
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| lipids | large nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water and composed largely of carcon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen
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| roles of lipids | act as insulators, regulate sterouds to help regulare other bodily functions, help keep the structure of cell membranes, store energy, provides the body with vitamins that are necessary for many functions
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| nucleic acids | contain the genetic information of all living things
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| purines | composed of a double ring structure-adenine and guanine
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| pyrimidines | composed of a single ring-cytosine and thymine
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| proteins | account for 50% of the dry weight of cells, 20%
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| Amino Acids | 20 different amino acids
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| amino acids are composed of 3 parts | 1. Amino group NH3 2. R group 3. Caboxyl group
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