Pathology: General Path
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| 1. Pyknosis 2. Karyorrhexis 3. Karyolysis | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Bax is pro-apoptotic
2. Bcl-2 is anti-apoptotic
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| Changes in proportions of anti- and pro-apoptotic factors lead to increased __ permeability and ___ release. | show 🗑
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| What are the two extrinsic pathways of apoptosis? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. coagulative
2. liquefactive
3. liquefactive
4. caseous
5. gangrenous
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| show | calcium activates caspases
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| show | 1. Transudate
2. Exudate
3. Transudate
4. Exudate
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| Exudate of Transudate 1. protein poor 2. protein rich 3. specific gravity > 1.020 4. specific gravity < 1.020 | show 🗑
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| show | term for a neoplasm when cells have not yet invaded the basement membrane but encompass the entire thickness of epithelium
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| show | 1. hyperplasia
2. metaplasia
3. dysplasia
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| 1. abnormal cells lacking differentiation 2. uncontrolled clonal proliferation of cells | show 🗑
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| show | 1. grade - degree of cellular differentiation & number of mitoses
2. stage - degree of spread
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| What is the TNM staging system of tumors? | show 🗑
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| Benign or Malignant? 1. well differentiated 2. poorly differentiated 3. may metastasize 4. erratic growth 5. slow growth | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Teratoma
2. Choristoma
3. Hamartoma
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| Neoplasm associated with: 1. Down syndrome 2. Xeroderma pigmentosum 3. Atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia 4. Tuberous sclerosis | show 🗑
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| show | 5. Squamous cell carcinoma of skin
6. Esophageal adenocarcinoma
7. Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus
8. Hepatocellular carcinoma
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| Neoplasm associated with: 9. Ulcerative colitis 10. Paget's disease of bone 11. Immunodeficiency states | show 🗑
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| show | 13. Lymphoma
14. Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)
15. Malignant melanoma
16. Sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer
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| What tumor is associated with the oncogen? What is the gene product? 1. abl 2. c-myc 3. bcl-2 4. erb-B2 | show 🗑
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| show | 1. colon carcinoma -- GTPase
2. lung tumor -- transcription factor
3. neuroblastoma -- transcription factor
4. multiple endocrine neoplasia -- tyrosine kinase
5. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor -- cytokine receptor
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| What tumor is associated with loss of function of the following genes: 1. Rb 2. p53 3. BRCA1 & 2 4. p16 5. APC | show 🗑
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| What tumor is associated with loss of function of the following genes: 1. WTI 2. NF1 & 2 3. DPC 4. DCC 5. hMSH2 | show 🗑
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| show | 1. prostate carcinoma
2. hepatocellular carcinoma
3. (tartate-resistant acid phosphatase) Hairy cell leukemia
4. melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytoma
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| show | 1. prostate, lung, colon
2. breast, lung, colon
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| show | 1. dystrophic is calcification of dying tissues
2.. metastatic is calcification from hypercalcemia
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| What is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia? | show 🗑
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| 1. What does a pulse oximeter measure? 2. How do methemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin effect the pulse oximeter measurements? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. hemoglobin with an oxidized heme group (Fe3+)
2. cytochrome b5 reductase system that transfers H+ from NADH to metHb
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| show | 1. cytochrome oxidase (complex IV)
2. cytochrome oxidase (complex IV)
3. methylene blue
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| How do the following effect oxidative phosphorylation: 1. alcohol 2. dinitrophenol 3. salicylates | show 🗑
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| How can alcohol or salicylates cause heat stroke? | show 🗑
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| What are the intracellular consequences of hypoxia? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. superoxide and hydroxyl FRs → degraded by superoxide dismutase
2. hydrogen peroxide → degraded by glutathione peroxidase
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| show | 1. vitamin E
2. vitamin C
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| 1. Treatment of acetaminophen FRs 2. Why is this treatment used? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase produces excess NADH which converts DHAP to G3-P
2. acetyl CoA is end-product of alcohol metabolism → ↑fatty acids (FA)
3. G3-P combines with 3FA in the liver to form triglycerides
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| 1. Deposition of calcium phosphate in necrotic tissue. 2. Deposition of calcium phosphate in normal tissue from increased serum calcium or phophate. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. ACTH, ADH, Lambert Easton
2. Hyperuricemia (from excess nucleic acid turnover)
3. Myasthenia Gravis
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| Paraneoplastic effects of tumors: 1. Renal cell carcinoma 2. Squamous cell lung carcinoma | show 🗑
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| Which neoplasms contain psammoma bodies? | show 🗑
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| Tumors that metastasize to brain | show 🗑
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| show | Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Bening Liver
1. Colon
2. Stomach
3. Pancreas
4. Breast
5. Lung
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| Metastasis to Bone | show 🗑
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| show | 1. epithelial
2. neural crest (melanoma, Schwannoma)
3. mucus secreting
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| Which type of necrosis is seen following immune damage (rheumatoid arthritis, SLE) | show 🗑
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| Which is more important in determining prognosis: tumor stage or grade? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. no
2. yes
3. no
4. no
5. yes
6. yes
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| Which presents as a granulomatous disease: 1. pneumoconiosis 2. GI disorder | show 🗑
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| 1. malignant tumor of epithelial origin 2. malignant tumor of connective tissue origin | show 🗑
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| show | 1. yes
2. no
3. no
4. yes
5. yes
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| show | 1. prostate carcinoma
2. colorectal and pancreatic cancers
3. ovarian tumors
4. pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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| show | 1. non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
2. Kaposi's sarcoma
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| What are the 3 components of oxygen content? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. O2 in the RBC is attached to the heme group
2. ↓ because O2 can't bind Hb
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