Pathology: General Path
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1. Pyknosis 2. Karyorrhexis 3. Karyolysis | show 🗑
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show | 1. Bax is pro-apoptotic
2. Bcl-2 is anti-apoptotic
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Changes in proportions of anti- and pro-apoptotic factors lead to increased __ permeability and ___ release. | show 🗑
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show | 1. Fas-Ligand
2. Killer T cell release of perforin and Granzyme B
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Which necrosis is described? 1. preservation of cell outline, no nuclei 2. bacterial abscess 3. occurs in brain 4. tuberculosis 5. common in limbs | show 🗑
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show | calcium activates caspases
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show | 1. Transudate
2. Exudate
3. Transudate
4. Exudate
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Exudate of Transudate 1. protein poor 2. protein rich 3. specific gravity > 1.020 4. specific gravity < 1.020 | show 🗑
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What is an In situ carcinoma? | show 🗑
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1. Increase in cell number 2. replacement of one adult cell type with another 3. abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size | show 🗑
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show | 1. anaplasia
2. neoplasia
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What is the difference between tumor grade and stage? | show 🗑
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What is the TNM staging system of tumors? | show 🗑
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show | 1. benign
2. malignant
3. malignant
4. malignant
5. benign
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show | 1. Teratoma
2. Choristoma
3. Hamartoma
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Neoplasm associated with: 1. Down syndrome 2. Xeroderma pigmentosum 3. Atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia 4. Tuberous sclerosis | show 🗑
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Neoplasm associated with: 5. Actinic keratosis 6. Barrett's esophagus 7. Plummer-Vinson syndrome 8. Cirrhosis | show 🗑
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show | 9. Colonic adenocarcinoma
10. osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
11. Malignant lymphomas
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show | 13. Lymphoma
14. Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)
15. Malignant melanoma
16. Sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer
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show | 1. CML --- tyrosine kinase
2. Burkitt's lymphoma -- transcription factor
3. Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas -- anti-apoptotic molecule
4. Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas -- tyrosine kinase
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What tumor is associated with the oncogen? What is the gene product? 1. ras 2. L-myc 3. N-myc 4. ret 5. c-kit | show 🗑
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What tumor is associated with loss of function of the following genes: 1. Rb 2. p53 3. BRCA1 & 2 4. p16 5. APC | show 🗑
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show | 1. Wilms' tumor
2. neurofibromatosis type 1 & 2
3. pancreatic cancer
4. colon cancer
5. herediaty nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
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What cancers do the following tumor markers screen for? 1. PSA 2. α-fetoprotein 3. TRAP 4. S-100 | show 🗑
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show | 1. prostate, lung, colon
2. breast, lung, colon
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show | 1. dystrophic is calcification of dying tissues
2.. metastatic is calcification from hypercalcemia
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What is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia? | show 🗑
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1. What does a pulse oximeter measure? 2. How do methemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin effect the pulse oximeter measurements? | show 🗑
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1. What is methemoglobin? 2. How is it converted back to normal hemoglobin? | show 🗑
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show | 1. cytochrome oxidase (complex IV)
2. cytochrome oxidase (complex IV)
3. methylene blue
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How do the following effect oxidative phosphorylation: 1. alcohol 2. dinitrophenol 3. salicylates | show 🗑
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show | 1. since they cause protons to move into the mitochondrial matrix, rxns that develop NADH and FADH2 for the e- transport chain must increase to meet the need for H+ ions.
2. ↑ rxns causes hyperthermia
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What are the intracellular consequences of hypoxia? | show 🗑
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1. What free radicals are produced by high O2 concentrations? 2. Which enzyme neutralizes these free radicals? | show 🗑
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1. Antioxidant vitamin that neutralized oxidized LDL 2. Antioxidant vitamine that neutralized hydroxyl FRs | show 🗑
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show | 1. N-acetylcysteine
2. increases synthesis of glutathione
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show | 1. alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase produces excess NADH which converts DHAP to G3-P
2. acetyl CoA is end-product of alcohol metabolism → ↑fatty acids (FA)
3. G3-P combines with 3FA in the liver to form triglycerides
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1. Deposition of calcium phosphate in necrotic tissue. 2. Deposition of calcium phosphate in normal tissue from increased serum calcium or phophate. | show 🗑
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Paraneoplastic effects of tumors: 1. small cell lung carcinoma 2. Leukemia 3. Thymoma | show 🗑
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Paraneoplastic effects of tumors: 1. Renal cell carcinoma 2. Squamous cell lung carcinoma | show 🗑
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Which neoplasms contain psammoma bodies? | show 🗑
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show | Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia
1. Lung
2. Breast
3. Skin
4. Kidney
5. GI
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Tumors that metastasize to liver | show 🗑
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show | P.T. Barnum Loves Kids
1. Prostate
2. Thyroid, Testes
3. Breast
4. Lung
5. Kidney
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Which tissues are the following tumor markers found in: 1. keratin 2. S100 3. PAS | show 🗑
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Which type of necrosis is seen following immune damage (rheumatoid arthritis, SLE) | show 🗑
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show | stage
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Are the following cell injuries reversible? 1. pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis 2. fatty change 3. lysosomal rupture 4. mitochondrial permeability 5. cellular swelling 6. ribosomal detachment | show 🗑
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show | 1. berylliosis
2. Crohn's disease
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show | 1. carcinoma
2. sarcoma
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Are the following reversible: 1. hyperplasia 2. anaplsia 3. neoplasia 4. dysplasia 5. metaplasia | show 🗑
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show | 1. prostate carcinoma
2. colorectal and pancreatic cancers
3. ovarian tumors
4. pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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show | 1. non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
2. Kaposi's sarcoma
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show | Oxygen content = Hb x O2 saturation + partial pressure of arterial oxygen
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show | 1. O2 in the RBC is attached to the heme group
2. ↓ because O2 can't bind Hb
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