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Pathology: General Path

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Question
Answer
1. Pyknosis 2. Karyorrhexis 3. Karyolysis   show
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show 1. Bax is pro-apoptotic 2. Bcl-2 is anti-apoptotic  
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Changes in proportions of anti- and pro-apoptotic factors lead to increased __ permeability and ___ release.   show
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show 1. Fas-Ligand 2. Killer T cell release of perforin and Granzyme B  
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Which necrosis is described? 1. preservation of cell outline, no nuclei 2. bacterial abscess 3. occurs in brain 4. tuberculosis 5. common in limbs   show
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show calcium activates caspases  
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show 1. Transudate 2. Exudate 3. Transudate 4. Exudate  
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Exudate of Transudate 1. protein poor 2. protein rich 3. specific gravity > 1.020 4. specific gravity < 1.020   show
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What is an In situ carcinoma?   show
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1. Increase in cell number 2. replacement of one adult cell type with another 3. abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size   show
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show 1. anaplasia 2. neoplasia  
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What is the difference between tumor grade and stage?   show
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What is the TNM staging system of tumors?   show
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show 1. benign 2. malignant 3. malignant 4. malignant 5. benign  
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show 1. Teratoma 2. Choristoma 3. Hamartoma  
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Neoplasm associated with: 1. Down syndrome 2. Xeroderma pigmentosum 3. Atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia 4. Tuberous sclerosis   show
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Neoplasm associated with: 5. Actinic keratosis 6. Barrett's esophagus 7. Plummer-Vinson syndrome 8. Cirrhosis   show
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show 9. Colonic adenocarcinoma 10. osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma 11. Malignant lymphomas  
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show 13. Lymphoma 14. Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus) 15. Malignant melanoma 16. Sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer  
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show 1. CML --- tyrosine kinase 2. Burkitt's lymphoma -- transcription factor 3. Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas -- anti-apoptotic molecule 4. Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas -- tyrosine kinase  
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What tumor is associated with the oncogen? What is the gene product? 1. ras 2. L-myc 3. N-myc 4. ret 5. c-kit   show
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What tumor is associated with loss of function of the following genes: 1. Rb 2. p53 3. BRCA1 & 2 4. p16 5. APC   show
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show 1. Wilms' tumor 2. neurofibromatosis type 1 & 2 3. pancreatic cancer 4. colon cancer 5. herediaty nonpolyposis colorectal cancer  
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What cancers do the following tumor markers screen for? 1. PSA 2. α-fetoprotein 3. TRAP 4. S-100   show
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show 1. prostate, lung, colon 2. breast, lung, colon  
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show 1. dystrophic is calcification of dying tissues 2.. metastatic is calcification from hypercalcemia  
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What is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia?   show
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1. What does a pulse oximeter measure? 2. How do methemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin effect the pulse oximeter measurements?   show
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1. What is methemoglobin? 2. How is it converted back to normal hemoglobin?   show
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show 1. cytochrome oxidase (complex IV) 2. cytochrome oxidase (complex IV) 3. methylene blue  
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How do the following effect oxidative phosphorylation: 1. alcohol 2. dinitrophenol 3. salicylates   show
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show 1. since they cause protons to move into the mitochondrial matrix, rxns that develop NADH and FADH2 for the e- transport chain must increase to meet the need for H+ ions. 2. ↑ rxns causes hyperthermia  
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What are the intracellular consequences of hypoxia?   show
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1. What free radicals are produced by high O2 concentrations? 2. Which enzyme neutralizes these free radicals?   show
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1. Antioxidant vitamin that neutralized oxidized LDL 2. Antioxidant vitamine that neutralized hydroxyl FRs   show
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show 1. N-acetylcysteine 2. increases synthesis of glutathione  
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show 1. alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase produces excess NADH which converts DHAP to G3-P 2. acetyl CoA is end-product of alcohol metabolism → ↑fatty acids (FA) 3. G3-P combines with 3FA in the liver to form triglycerides  
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1. Deposition of calcium phosphate in necrotic tissue. 2. Deposition of calcium phosphate in normal tissue from increased serum calcium or phophate.   show
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Paraneoplastic effects of tumors: 1. small cell lung carcinoma 2. Leukemia 3. Thymoma   show
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Paraneoplastic effects of tumors: 1. Renal cell carcinoma 2. Squamous cell lung carcinoma   show
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Which neoplasms contain psammoma bodies?   show
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show Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia 1. Lung 2. Breast 3. Skin 4. Kidney 5. GI  
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Tumors that metastasize to liver   show
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show P.T. Barnum Loves Kids 1. Prostate 2. Thyroid, Testes 3. Breast 4. Lung 5. Kidney  
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Which tissues are the following tumor markers found in: 1. keratin 2. S100 3. PAS   show
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Which type of necrosis is seen following immune damage (rheumatoid arthritis, SLE)   show
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show stage  
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Are the following cell injuries reversible? 1. pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis 2. fatty change 3. lysosomal rupture 4. mitochondrial permeability 5. cellular swelling 6. ribosomal detachment   show
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show 1. berylliosis 2. Crohn's disease  
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show 1. carcinoma 2. sarcoma  
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Are the following reversible: 1. hyperplasia 2. anaplsia 3. neoplasia 4. dysplasia 5. metaplasia   show
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show 1. prostate carcinoma 2. colorectal and pancreatic cancers 3. ovarian tumors 4. pancreatic adenocarcinoma  
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show 1. non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 2. Kaposi's sarcoma  
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show Oxygen content = Hb x O2 saturation + partial pressure of arterial oxygen  
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show 1. O2 in the RBC is attached to the heme group 2. ↓ because O2 can't bind Hb  
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