| Question | Answer |
| 1. Pyknosis
2. Karyorrhexis
3. Karyolysis | 1. nuclear shrinkage
2. nuclear fragmentation
3. nuclear dissolution and fading |
| How are Bax and Bcl-2 related to apoptosis? | 1. Bax is pro-apoptotic
2. Bcl-2 is anti-apoptotic |
| Changes in proportions of anti- and pro-apoptotic factors lead to increased __ permeability and ___ release. | 1. mitochondria
2. cytochrome c |
| What are the two extrinsic pathways of apoptosis? | 1. Fas-Ligand
2. Killer T cell release of perforin and Granzyme B |
| Which necrosis is described?
1. preservation of cell outline, no nuclei
2. bacterial abscess
3. occurs in brain
4. tuberculosis
5. common in limbs | 1. coagulative
2. liquefactive
3. liquefactive
4. caseous
5. gangrenous |
| How does calcium influx lead to irreversile cell injury? | calcium activates caspases |
| Exudate or Transudate
1. Due to ↑ hydrostatic pressure
2. Due to inflammation
3. Due to ↓ oncotic pressure
4. Due to lymphatic obstruction | 1. Transudate
2. Exudate
3. Transudate
4. Exudate |
| Exudate of Transudate
1. protein poor
2. protein rich
3. specific gravity > 1.020
4. specific gravity < 1.020 | 1. transudate
2. exudate
3. exudate
4. transudate |
| What is an In situ carcinoma? | term for a neoplasm when cells have not yet invaded the basement membrane but encompass the entire thickness of epithelium |
| 1. Increase in cell number
2. replacement of one adult cell type with another
3. abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size | 1. hyperplasia
2. metaplasia
3. dysplasia |
| 1. abnormal cells lacking differentiation
2. uncontrolled clonal proliferation of cells | 1. anaplasia
2. neoplasia |
| What is the difference between tumor grade and stage? | 1. grade - degree of cellular differentiation & number of mitoses
2. stage - degree of spread |
| What is the TNM staging system of tumors? | 1. T = tumor size
2. N = node involvement
3. M = metastases |
| Benign or Malignant?
1. well differentiated
2. poorly differentiated
3. may metastasize
4. erratic growth
5. slow growth | 1. benign
2. malignant
3. malignant
4. malignant
5. benign |
| 1. Growth derived from multiple germ layers
2. normal tissue in an abnormal location
3. Mass of disorganized cells indigenous to the particular site | 1. Teratoma
2. Choristoma
3. Hamartoma |
| Neoplasm associated with:
1. Down syndrome
2. Xeroderma pigmentosum
3. Atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia
4. Tuberous sclerosis | 1. ALL, AML
2. Melanoma, basal and squamous cell carcinomas
3. Gastric adenocarcinoma
4. Astrocytoma, angiomyolipoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma |
| Neoplasm associated with:
5. Actinic keratosis
6. Barrett's esophagus
7. Plummer-Vinson syndrome
8. Cirrhosis | 5. Squamous cell carcinoma of skin
6. Esophageal adenocarcinoma
7. Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus
8. Hepatocellular carcinoma |
| Neoplasm associated with:
9. Ulcerative colitis
10. Paget's disease of bone
11. Immunodeficiency states | 9. Colonic adenocarcinoma
10. osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
11. Malignant lymphomas |
| Neoplasm associated with:
13. Autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto's, myasthenia gravis)
14. Acanthosis nigricans
15. Dysplastic nevus
16. Radiation exposure | 13. Lymphoma
14. Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)
15. Malignant melanoma
16. Sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer |
| What tumor is associated with the oncogen? What is the gene product?
1. abl
2. c-myc
3. bcl-2
4. erb-B2 | 1. CML --- tyrosine kinase
2. Burkitt's lymphoma -- transcription factor
3. Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas -- anti-apoptotic molecule
4. Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas -- tyrosine kinase |
| What tumor is associated with the oncogen? What is the gene product?
1. ras
2. L-myc
3. N-myc
4. ret
5. c-kit | 1. colon carcinoma -- GTPase
2. lung tumor -- transcription factor
3. neuroblastoma -- transcription factor
4. multiple endocrine neoplasia -- tyrosine kinase
5. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor -- cytokine receptor |
| What tumor is associated with loss of function of the following genes:
1. Rb
2. p53
3. BRCA1 & 2
4. p16
5. APC | 1. retinoblastoma
2. many cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome
3. breast or ovarian cancer
4. melanoma
5. colorectal cancer (familial adenomatous polyposis) |
| What tumor is associated with loss of function of the following genes:
1. WTI
2. NF1 & 2
3. DPC
4. DCC
5. hMSH2 | 1. Wilms' tumor
2. neurofibromatosis type 1 & 2
3. pancreatic cancer
4. colon cancer
5. herediaty nonpolyposis colorectal cancer |
| What cancers do the following tumor markers screen for?
1. PSA
2. α-fetoprotein
3. TRAP
4. S-100 | 1. prostate carcinoma
2. hepatocellular carcinoma
3. (tartate-resistant acid phosphatase) Hairy cell leukemia
4. melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytoma |
| 1. Top 3 cancers of men
2. Top 3 cancers of women | 1. prostate, lung, colon
2. breast, lung, colon |
| What is the difference between dystrophic and metastatic calcification? | 1. dystrophic is calcification of dying tissues
2.. metastatic is calcification from hypercalcemia |
| What is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia? | 1. Hypoxia - inadequate oxygenation of tissue
2. Hypoxemia - decrease in PaO2 |
| 1. What does a pulse oximeter measure?
2. How do methemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin effect the pulse oximeter measurements? | 1. SaO2
2. they falsely elevate SaO2 |
| 1. What is methemoglobin?
2. How is it converted back to normal hemoglobin? | 1. hemoglobin with an oxidized heme group (Fe3+)
2. cytochrome b5 reductase system that transfers H+ from NADH to metHb |
| 1. Which electron carrier is inhibited by carbon monoxide?
2. Which electron carrier is inhibited by cyanide?
3. treatment for methemoglobinemia? | 1. cytochrome oxidase (complex IV)
2. cytochrome oxidase (complex IV)
3. methylene blue |
| How do the following effect oxidative phosphorylation:
1. alcohol
2. dinitrophenol
3. salicylates | All allow protons to move into the mitochondrial matrix but in different ways:
1. damage inner mitochondrial membrane
2. uncouple protein in inner membrane
3. damage inner mitochondrial membrane |
| How can alcohol or salicylates cause heat stroke? | 1. since they cause protons to move into the mitochondrial matrix, rxns that develop NADH and FADH2 for the e- transport chain must increase to meet the need for H+ ions.
2. ↑ rxns causes hyperthermia |
| What are the intracellular consequences of hypoxia? | 1. ↓ ATP → lactate accumulation → denaturation of enzymes → coagulation necrosis
2. ↓ ATP → defective Na/K ATPase: Na and water retention; Ca2+ retention initiates apoptosis |
| 1. What free radicals are produced by high O2 concentrations?
2. Which enzyme neutralizes these free radicals? | 1. superoxide and hydroxyl FRs → degraded by superoxide dismutase
2. hydrogen peroxide → degraded by glutathione peroxidase |
| 1. Antioxidant vitamin that neutralized oxidized LDL
2. Antioxidant vitamine that neutralized hydroxyl FRs | 1. vitamin E
2. vitamin C |
| 1. Treatment of acetaminophen FRs
2. Why is this treatment used? | 1. N-acetylcysteine
2. increases synthesis of glutathione |
| How does alcohol metabolism cause a fatty liver? | 1. alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase produces excess NADH which converts DHAP to G3-P
2. acetyl CoA is end-product of alcohol metabolism → ↑fatty acids (FA)
3. G3-P combines with 3FA in the liver to form triglycerides |
| 1. Deposition of calcium phosphate in necrotic tissue.
2. Deposition of calcium phosphate in normal tissue from increased serum calcium or phophate. | 1. dystrophic calcification
2. metastatic calcification |
| Paraneoplastic effects of tumors:
1. small cell lung carcinoma
2. Leukemia
3. Thymoma | 1. ACTH, ADH, Lambert Easton
2. Hyperuricemia (from excess nucleic acid turnover)
3. Myasthenia Gravis |
| Paraneoplastic effects of tumors:
1. Renal cell carcinoma
2. Squamous cell lung carcinoma | 1. Erythropoietin → polycythemia
2. PTH-related peptide → Hypercalcemia |
| Which neoplasms contain psammoma bodies? | PSaMMoma
1. Papillary (thyroid)
2. Serous (ovary)
3. Meningioma
4. Mesothelioma |
| Tumors that metastasize to brain | Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia
1. Lung
2. Breast
3. Skin
4. Kidney
5. GI |
| Tumors that metastasize to liver | Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Bening Liver
1. Colon
2. Stomach
3. Pancreas
4. Breast
5. Lung |
| Metastasis to Bone | P.T. Barnum Loves Kids
1. Prostate
2. Thyroid, Testes
3. Breast
4. Lung
5. Kidney |
| Which tissues are the following tumor markers found in:
1. keratin
2. S100
3. PAS | 1. epithelial
2. neural crest (melanoma, Schwannoma)
3. mucus secreting |
| Which type of necrosis is seen following immune damage (rheumatoid arthritis, SLE) | fibrinoid necrosis |
| Which is more important in determining prognosis: tumor stage or grade? | stage |
| Are the following cell injuries reversible?
1. pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis
2. fatty change
3. lysosomal rupture
4. mitochondrial permeability
5. cellular swelling
6. ribosomal detachment | 1. no
2. yes
3. no
4. no
5. yes
6. yes |
| Which presents as a granulomatous disease:
1. pneumoconiosis
2. GI disorder | 1. berylliosis
2. Crohn's disease |
| 1. malignant tumor of epithelial origin
2. malignant tumor of connective tissue origin | 1. carcinoma
2. sarcoma |
| Are the following reversible:
1. hyperplasia
2. anaplsia
3. neoplasia
4. dysplasia
5. metaplasia | 1. yes
2. no
3. no
4. yes
5. yes |
| What cancers do the following tumor markers screen for?
1. prostatic acid phosphatase
2. CEA
3. CA-125
4. CA-19-9 | 1. prostate carcinoma
2. colorectal and pancreatic cancers
3. ovarian tumors
4. pancreatic adenocarcinoma |
| Neoplasms associate with AIDS | 1. non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
2. Kaposi's sarcoma |
| What are the 3 components of oxygen content? | Oxygen content = Hb x O2 saturation + partial pressure of arterial oxygen |
| 1. What is oxygen saturation?
2. How do carbon monoxide and methemoglobin affect O2 saturation? | 1. O2 in the RBC is attached to the heme group
2. ↓ because O2 can't bind Hb |
