General Pathology Word Scramble
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| Question | Answer |
| 1. Pyknosis 2. Karyorrhexis 3. Karyolysis | 1. nuclear shrinkage 2. nuclear fragmentation 3. nuclear dissolution and fading |
| How are Bax and Bcl-2 related to apoptosis? | 1. Bax is pro-apoptotic 2. Bcl-2 is anti-apoptotic |
| Changes in proportions of anti- and pro-apoptotic factors lead to increased __ permeability and ___ release. | 1. mitochondria 2. cytochrome c |
| What are the two extrinsic pathways of apoptosis? | 1. Fas-Ligand 2. Killer T cell release of perforin and Granzyme B |
| Which necrosis is described? 1. preservation of cell outline, no nuclei 2. bacterial abscess 3. occurs in brain 4. tuberculosis 5. common in limbs | 1. coagulative 2. liquefactive 3. liquefactive 4. caseous 5. gangrenous |
| How does calcium influx lead to irreversile cell injury? | calcium activates caspases |
| Exudate or Transudate 1. Due to ↑ hydrostatic pressure 2. Due to inflammation 3. Due to ↓ oncotic pressure 4. Due to lymphatic obstruction | 1. Transudate 2. Exudate 3. Transudate 4. Exudate |
| Exudate of Transudate 1. protein poor 2. protein rich 3. specific gravity > 1.020 4. specific gravity < 1.020 | 1. transudate 2. exudate 3. exudate 4. transudate |
| What is an In situ carcinoma? | term for a neoplasm when cells have not yet invaded the basement membrane but encompass the entire thickness of epithelium |
| 1. Increase in cell number 2. replacement of one adult cell type with another 3. abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size | 1. hyperplasia 2. metaplasia 3. dysplasia |
| 1. abnormal cells lacking differentiation 2. uncontrolled clonal proliferation of cells | 1. anaplasia 2. neoplasia |
| What is the difference between tumor grade and stage? | 1. grade - degree of cellular differentiation & number of mitoses 2. stage - degree of spread |
| What is the TNM staging system of tumors? | 1. T = tumor size 2. N = node involvement 3. M = metastases |
| Benign or Malignant? 1. well differentiated 2. poorly differentiated 3. may metastasize 4. erratic growth 5. slow growth | 1. benign 2. malignant 3. malignant 4. malignant 5. benign |
| 1. Growth derived from multiple germ layers 2. normal tissue in an abnormal location 3. Mass of disorganized cells indigenous to the particular site | 1. Teratoma 2. Choristoma 3. Hamartoma |
| Neoplasm associated with: 1. Down syndrome 2. Xeroderma pigmentosum 3. Atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia 4. Tuberous sclerosis | 1. ALL, AML 2. Melanoma, basal and squamous cell carcinomas 3. Gastric adenocarcinoma 4. Astrocytoma, angiomyolipoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma |
| Neoplasm associated with: 5. Actinic keratosis 6. Barrett's esophagus 7. Plummer-Vinson syndrome 8. Cirrhosis | 5. Squamous cell carcinoma of skin 6. Esophageal adenocarcinoma 7. Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus 8. Hepatocellular carcinoma |
| Neoplasm associated with: 9. Ulcerative colitis 10. Paget's disease of bone 11. Immunodeficiency states | 9. Colonic adenocarcinoma 10. osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma 11. Malignant lymphomas |
| Neoplasm associated with: 13. Autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto's, myasthenia gravis) 14. Acanthosis nigricans 15. Dysplastic nevus 16. Radiation exposure | 13. Lymphoma 14. Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus) 15. Malignant melanoma 16. Sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer |
| What tumor is associated with the oncogen? What is the gene product? 1. abl 2. c-myc 3. bcl-2 4. erb-B2 | 1. CML --- tyrosine kinase 2. Burkitt's lymphoma -- transcription factor 3. Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas -- anti-apoptotic molecule 4. Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas -- tyrosine kinase |
| What tumor is associated with the oncogen? What is the gene product? 1. ras 2. L-myc 3. N-myc 4. ret 5. c-kit | 1. colon carcinoma -- GTPase 2. lung tumor -- transcription factor 3. neuroblastoma -- transcription factor 4. multiple endocrine neoplasia -- tyrosine kinase 5. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor -- cytokine receptor |
| What tumor is associated with loss of function of the following genes: 1. Rb 2. p53 3. BRCA1 & 2 4. p16 5. APC | 1. retinoblastoma 2. many cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome 3. breast or ovarian cancer 4. melanoma 5. colorectal cancer (familial adenomatous polyposis) |
| What tumor is associated with loss of function of the following genes: 1. WTI 2. NF1 & 2 3. DPC 4. DCC 5. hMSH2 | 1. Wilms' tumor 2. neurofibromatosis type 1 & 2 3. pancreatic cancer 4. colon cancer 5. herediaty nonpolyposis colorectal cancer |
| What cancers do the following tumor markers screen for? 1. PSA 2. α-fetoprotein 3. TRAP 4. S-100 | 1. prostate carcinoma 2. hepatocellular carcinoma 3. (tartate-resistant acid phosphatase) Hairy cell leukemia 4. melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytoma |
| 1. Top 3 cancers of men 2. Top 3 cancers of women | 1. prostate, lung, colon 2. breast, lung, colon |
| What is the difference between dystrophic and metastatic calcification? | 1. dystrophic is calcification of dying tissues 2.. metastatic is calcification from hypercalcemia |
| What is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia? | 1. Hypoxia - inadequate oxygenation of tissue 2. Hypoxemia - decrease in PaO2 |
| 1. What does a pulse oximeter measure? 2. How do methemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin effect the pulse oximeter measurements? | 1. SaO2 2. they falsely elevate SaO2 |
| 1. What is methemoglobin? 2. How is it converted back to normal hemoglobin? | 1. hemoglobin with an oxidized heme group (Fe3+) 2. cytochrome b5 reductase system that transfers H+ from NADH to metHb |
| 1. Which electron carrier is inhibited by carbon monoxide? 2. Which electron carrier is inhibited by cyanide? 3. treatment for methemoglobinemia? | 1. cytochrome oxidase (complex IV) 2. cytochrome oxidase (complex IV) 3. methylene blue |
| How do the following effect oxidative phosphorylation: 1. alcohol 2. dinitrophenol 3. salicylates | All allow protons to move into the mitochondrial matrix but in different ways: 1. damage inner mitochondrial membrane 2. uncouple protein in inner membrane 3. damage inner mitochondrial membrane |
| How can alcohol or salicylates cause heat stroke? | 1. since they cause protons to move into the mitochondrial matrix, rxns that develop NADH and FADH2 for the e- transport chain must increase to meet the need for H+ ions. 2. ↑ rxns causes hyperthermia |
| What are the intracellular consequences of hypoxia? | 1. ↓ ATP → lactate accumulation → denaturation of enzymes → coagulation necrosis 2. ↓ ATP → defective Na/K ATPase: Na and water retention; Ca2+ retention initiates apoptosis |
| 1. What free radicals are produced by high O2 concentrations? 2. Which enzyme neutralizes these free radicals? | 1. superoxide and hydroxyl FRs → degraded by superoxide dismutase 2. hydrogen peroxide → degraded by glutathione peroxidase |
| 1. Antioxidant vitamin that neutralized oxidized LDL 2. Antioxidant vitamine that neutralized hydroxyl FRs | 1. vitamin E 2. vitamin C |
| 1. Treatment of acetaminophen FRs 2. Why is this treatment used? | 1. N-acetylcysteine 2. increases synthesis of glutathione |
| How does alcohol metabolism cause a fatty liver? | 1. alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase produces excess NADH which converts DHAP to G3-P 2. acetyl CoA is end-product of alcohol metabolism → ↑fatty acids (FA) 3. G3-P combines with 3FA in the liver to form triglycerides |
| 1. Deposition of calcium phosphate in necrotic tissue. 2. Deposition of calcium phosphate in normal tissue from increased serum calcium or phophate. | 1. dystrophic calcification 2. metastatic calcification |
| Paraneoplastic effects of tumors: 1. small cell lung carcinoma 2. Leukemia 3. Thymoma | 1. ACTH, ADH, Lambert Easton 2. Hyperuricemia (from excess nucleic acid turnover) 3. Myasthenia Gravis |
| Paraneoplastic effects of tumors: 1. Renal cell carcinoma 2. Squamous cell lung carcinoma | 1. Erythropoietin → polycythemia 2. PTH-related peptide → Hypercalcemia |
| Which neoplasms contain psammoma bodies? | PSaMMoma 1. Papillary (thyroid) 2. Serous (ovary) 3. Meningioma 4. Mesothelioma |
| Tumors that metastasize to brain | Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia 1. Lung 2. Breast 3. Skin 4. Kidney 5. GI |
| Tumors that metastasize to liver | Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Bening Liver 1. Colon 2. Stomach 3. Pancreas 4. Breast 5. Lung |
| Metastasis to Bone | P.T. Barnum Loves Kids 1. Prostate 2. Thyroid, Testes 3. Breast 4. Lung 5. Kidney |
| Which tissues are the following tumor markers found in: 1. keratin 2. S100 3. PAS | 1. epithelial 2. neural crest (melanoma, Schwannoma) 3. mucus secreting |
| Which type of necrosis is seen following immune damage (rheumatoid arthritis, SLE) | fibrinoid necrosis |
| Which is more important in determining prognosis: tumor stage or grade? | stage |
| Are the following cell injuries reversible? 1. pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis 2. fatty change 3. lysosomal rupture 4. mitochondrial permeability 5. cellular swelling 6. ribosomal detachment | 1. no 2. yes 3. no 4. no 5. yes 6. yes |
| Which presents as a granulomatous disease: 1. pneumoconiosis 2. GI disorder | 1. berylliosis 2. Crohn's disease |
| 1. malignant tumor of epithelial origin 2. malignant tumor of connective tissue origin | 1. carcinoma 2. sarcoma |
| Are the following reversible: 1. hyperplasia 2. anaplsia 3. neoplasia 4. dysplasia 5. metaplasia | 1. yes 2. no 3. no 4. yes 5. yes |
| What cancers do the following tumor markers screen for? 1. prostatic acid phosphatase 2. CEA 3. CA-125 4. CA-19-9 | 1. prostate carcinoma 2. colorectal and pancreatic cancers 3. ovarian tumors 4. pancreatic adenocarcinoma |
| Neoplasms associate with AIDS | 1. non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 2. Kaposi's sarcoma |
| What are the 3 components of oxygen content? | Oxygen content = Hb x O2 saturation + partial pressure of arterial oxygen |
| 1. What is oxygen saturation? 2. How do carbon monoxide and methemoglobin affect O2 saturation? | 1. O2 in the RBC is attached to the heme group 2. ↓ because O2 can't bind Hb |
Created by:
amichael87
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