LOM Ch 7 Urinary System
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| abscess | Collection of pus
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| acetone | Ketone body produced in abnormal amounts in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when there is excessive fat breakdown in cells.
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| albuminuria | Protein in the urine.
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| antidiuretic hormone | A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland – normally stimulates the kidney to decrease production of urine, prevents excess loss of water; also called vasopressin (water is reabsorbed from the renal tubules back into the bloodstream).
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| anuria | Suppression of urine formation by the kidney; no urine is produced.
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| arteriole | Small artery.
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| azotemia | Excess of nitrogen (nitrogenous waste products) in the blood; uremia.
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| bacteriuria | Bacteria in the urine.
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| Bowman capsule | Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus (ball of capillaries) in the outer section (cortex) of the kidney; also known as the glomerular capsule
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| caliceal | Pertaining to a calyx (cup-shaped collecting chamber in the central portion of the kidney).
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| caliectasis | Dilation or widening of a calyx (cup-shaped collecting chamber in the central portion of the kidney). This occurs when urine is backed up in the kidney as in hydronephrosis.
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| calyx; calyces (plural) | Cup-shaped collecting region in the renal pelvis (central section of the kidney).
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| catheter | Tube for injecting or removing fluids.
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| cortex | Outer region of an organ; renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney.
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| cortical | Pertaining to the cortex (outer region of an organ).
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| creatinine | Nitrogen-containing waste product of muscle metabolism; excreted by the kidney in urine.
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| creatinine clearance test | Measures the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney.
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| cystectomy | Excision (removal) of the urinary bladder.
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| cystitis | Inflammation of the urinary bladder.
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| cystoscopy | Visual (endoscopic) examination of the urinary bladder.
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| cystostomy | New opening of the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
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| diabetes insipidus | Abnormal condition of inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland. Patients experience polyuria (excessive urination) and polydipsia (excessive thirst).
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| diabetes mellitus | Abnormal condition of no insulin or inadequate insulin secretion from the pancreas. This leads to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and glycosuria (sugar in the urine).
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| diuresis | Condition of complete (excessive) urination; increased excretion of urine by the kidneys. A diuretic is an agent that increases diuresis, such as tea, coffee or water.
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| dysuria | Difficult, painful urination.
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| edema | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces.
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| electrolyte | Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Examples are sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-).
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| enuresis | Bedwetting (literally, “in urine.”)
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| erythropoietin | A hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate red blood cell production by bone marrow.
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| essential hypertension | High blood pressure due to no apparent cause.
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| filtration | Process by which some substances, but not all, pass through a filter or other type of material.
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| glomerular | Pertaining to the capsule surrounding each glomerulus
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| glomerular capsule | Also known as Bowman capsule; surrounding each glomerulus (tiny ball of capillaries). Collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus.
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| glomerulonephritis | Inflammation of glomeruli (tiny ball of capillaries - microscopic blood vessels - in the cortex of the kidney)
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| glomerulus, glomeruli (plural) | Tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the cortex of the kidney. As blood flows through each glomerulus, waste materials and other substances are filtered from the bloodstream.
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| glycosuria | Sugar in the urine.
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| hematuria | Blood in the urine.
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| hemodialysis | Removal of waste materials (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) from the blood in patients whose kidneys have stopped functioning. Blood leaves the body and circulates through a machine that removes wastes before sending the blood back into the body through
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| hilum | Depression or hollow in the surface of an organ, such as the kidney and lung. It is the area where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the organ.
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| hydronephrosis | Abnormal condition of excess fluid (urine - literally “water”) in the kidney.
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| hyperkalemia | High levels of potassium (K+) in the blood.
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| hyponatremia | Low levels of sodium in the blood.
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| interstitial nephritis | Inflammation of the tissue in the kidney that lies between (interstitium) the nephrons (functional units).
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| intravesical | Pertaining to within the bladder
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| ketonuria | Presence of ketones (acids and acetone) in the urine. Common in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, but can occur anytime the body begins to break down fatty tissue to provide energy as in starvation.
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| ketosis | Abnormal condition – accumulation of large quantities of ketone bodies (acetones) in the blood; ketoacidosis.
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| kidney | One of two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region.
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| lithotripsy | Process of using high-energy sound waves to crush a stone within the urinary tract (kidney or ureter).
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| meatal stenosis | Narrowing of the meatus (opening) leading from the urethra to the outside of the body.
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| meatotomy | Incision of a meatus in order to enlarge it.
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| meatus | An opening or passageway. In the urinary system this is the opening of the urethra to the outside of the body. (in the ear, the auditory meatus is the opening of the ear to the outside of the body).
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| medulla | Inner region of an organ.
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| medullary | Pertaining to the medulla or an organ.
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| micturition | Process of expelling urine, also called voiding or urination
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| nephrolithiasis | Abnormal condition of kidney stones.
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| nephrolithotomy | Incision of the kidney to remove a stone.
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| nephron | Functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus, renal tubule, and collecting tubule.
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| nephropathy | Disease or abnormality of the kidney.
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| nephroptosis | Prolapse (downward displacement) of a kidney; floating or wandering kidney.
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| nephrostomy | New opening of the kidney to the outside of the body.
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| nephrotic syndrome | Group of symptoms that occur due to loss of protein in the urine. Symptoms include edema (swelling of tissues), hypoalbuminemia (loss of protein from the blood), heavy proteinuria, and infection. This condition is also known as nephrosis.
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| nitrogenous waste | Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine: examples are urea, creatinine and uric acid.
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| nocturia | frequent urination at night
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| oliguria | Scanty urination.
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| paranephric | Pertaining to beside or near a kidney.
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| parenchyma | In relation to an organ this term relates to the essential and distinctive tissue of the organ.
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| peritoneal dialysis | Separation of nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream by introducing fluid into the peritoneal cavity. Wastes then leave the bloodstream and enter the fluid, which is drained through an abdominal catheter.
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| perivesical | Pertaining to surrounding the urinary bladder
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| phenylketonuria | Excess of phenylketones in the urine; diagnosed by a PKU test (blood test) at birth.
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| polycystic kidney disease | Kidneys are filled with cysts that prevent normal kidney function.
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| polydipsia | Excessive thirst.
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| polyuria | Excessive urination
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| potassium | Chemical element that forms salts with other minerals such as calcium and is vital for bodily processes. When dissolved in water, it is an electrolyte whose balance is regulated by the kidney.
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| pyelogram | x-ray record of the kidney (renal pelvis) after injection of contrast material.
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| pyelolithotomy | Incision to remove a stone from the renal pelvis of the kidney.
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| pyelonephritis | Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney; caused by bacterial infection.
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| pyuria | Pus in the urine; sign of urinary tract infection (UTI).
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| reabsorption | Process in the kidney by which the renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream.
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| renal angiography | X-ray record of blood vessels of the kidney after injecting contrast material.
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| renal angioplasty | Surgical repair of blood vessels in the kidney. Narrowed areas of renal arteries are dilated using an inflatable balloon attached to a catheter.
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| renal artery | Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney.
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| renal calculi | Kidney stones.
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| renal cell carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the kidney in an adult.
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| renal colic | Severe pain resulting from stones (calculi) in a ureter or in kidney (renal pelvis).
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| renal failure | Failure of the kidneys to produce and excrete urine.
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| renal hypertension | High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease.
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| renal ischemia | Condition in which blood is held back from the kidney, often by blockage of renal arteries and arterioles.
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| renal pelvis | Central collecting chamber of the kidney.
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| renal transplantation | Surgical transfer of a complete kidney from a donor to a recipient.
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| renal tubule | Microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration.
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| renal vein | Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and back toward the heart.
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| renin | A substance (enzyme) synthesized, stored and secreted by the kidney to raise blood pressure. It causes narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels.
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| retrograde pyelogram | X-ray record of the kidney, ureters, and urinary bladder after injection of contrast material through a urinary catheter into the ureters.
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| secondary hypertension | High blood pressure caused by kidney disease or by other disorders.
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| sodium | Chemical element necessary for cellular functioning. As an electrolyte, its blood and urine levels are regulated by the kidney.
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| stricture | Narrowing of a tubular structure in the body.
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| trigone | Triangular area in the urinary bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits.
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| trigonitis | Inflammation of the triangular area in the urinary bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits).
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| urea | Major nitrogenous waste material in urine.
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| uremia | Excessive amount of the major nitrogenous waste material in urine and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood; a potentially fatal condition.
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| ureter | Tube leading from each kidney to the urinary bladder.
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| ureter | Tube leading from each kidney to the urinary bladder.
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| ureteroileostomy | New opening between a ureter and the ileum (for removal of urine after cystectomy). New opening of the ureters to an isolated portion of the ileum that has been removed from its normal location and connected to the outside of the body. It serves as a pass
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| ureteroneocystostomy | Surgical transplantation of a ureter to a new site in the urinary bladder. This occurs with a kidney transplant.
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| urethra | Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
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| ureteroplasty | Surgical repair of a ureter.
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| urethra | Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
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| urethral stricture | Narrowing of the urethra.
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| urethritis | Inflammation of the urethra.
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| urethroplasty | Surgical repair of the urethra.
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| uric acid | Nitrogenous waste formed when proteins are used in cells. It is excreted by the kidneys in urine.
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| urinalysis | Series of tests to evaluate the composition of urine. It includes tests to determine color, appearance, sugar, bacteria, and protein in blood.
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| urinary bladder | Hollow container with muscular walls that holds and stores urine until it is discharged from the body. Urinary catheterization is passage of a catheter into the urinary bladder for temporary or permanent drainage of urine.
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| urinary catheterization | Passage of a catheter into the urinary bladder for temporary or permanent drainage of urine.
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| urinary incontinence | Involuntary passage of urine; inability to hold urine in the bladder.
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| urinary retention | Inability to release urine from the bladder.
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| urinary retention | Inability to pass urine from the bladder which is held back in the urinary bladder.
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| urination | Process of expelling urine; other terms used are micturition and voiding
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| vesicoureteral reflux | Backflow of urine from the urinary bladder to the ureters.
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| voiding | Another term for urination (process of expelling urine)
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| voiding cystourethrogram | X-ray record of the urinary bladder and urethra taken while a patient is urinating and after contrast material is injected retrograde through the urethra.
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| Wilms tumor | Malignant neoplasm of the kidney that occurs in childhood.
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| albumin/o | albumin (a major protein in blood plasma)
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| azot/o | urea; nitrogen
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| bacteri/o | bacteria
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| cali/o | calyx (cup-shaped collecting chamber in the central portion of the kidney)
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| calic/o | calyx (cup-shaped collecting chamber in the central portion of the kidney)
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| cyst/o | urinary bladder; cyst; sac of fluid
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| dips/o | thirst
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| glomerul/o | glomerulus
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| kal/o kal/i | potassium
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| ket/o | ketones; acetones
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| keton/o | ketones; acetones
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| lith/o | stone; calculus
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| meat/o | meatus (opening)
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| natr/o | sodium
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| nephr/o | kidney
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| noct/o | night
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| olig/o | scanty (few, little)
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| py/o | pus
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| pyel/o | renal pelvis
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| ren/o | kidney
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| trigon/o | trigone (triangular area within bladder)
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| ur/o | urine; urinary tract
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| ureter/o | ureter
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| urethr/o | urethra
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| urin/o | urine
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| vesic/o | urinary bladder
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| hemat/o | blood
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| gluc/o, glucos/o | sugar
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| -poly | many, much
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| dys- | difficult; painful
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| -poietin | substance that forms
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| -tripsy | crushing
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| -oma | tumor
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| a- | no, not, without
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| -emia | blood condition
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| bacteri/o | bacteria
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| -itis | inflammation
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| hyper- | above, excessive
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| inter- | between
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| -iasis | abnormal condition
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| di- | two (or could be used in a term as a shortened version of dia- meaning complete i.e. diuresis)
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| -uria | urination; condition of urine
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| af- | toward
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| ef- | away from
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| en- | in; within
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| erythr/o | red
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| -tension | pressure
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| -ar | pertaining to
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| hemat/o | blood
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| -lysis | breakdown; separation; destruction; loosening
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| hydr/o | water
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| hypo- | deficient; below; under; less than normal
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| -osis | condition; usually abnormal
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| -sis | condition; state of
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| -eal | pertaining to
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| -ectomy | removal, excision, resection
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| -scopy | visual examination
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| -esis | action, condition, state of
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| sten/o | narrowing
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| -tomy | incision
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| medull/o | medulla (inner section); middle; soft, marrow
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| medi/o | middle
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| -pathy | disease (also means emotion)
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| para- | near, beside, along the side of (also means abnormal; apart from)
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| peri- | surrounding
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| angi/o | vessel (blood)
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| -plasty | surgical repair
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| carcin/o | cancerous; cancer
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| col/o | colon (large intestine)
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| -al | pertaining to
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| -in -ine | as substance
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| retro- | behind; back; backward
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| -stomy | new opening (to form a mouth)
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| in- | in; into; not (as in incontinent)
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| -gram | record
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| albumin | A major protein in blood plasma
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| ketones | These and acetones are formed when fatty acids are broken down (in the liver) to be used as fuel (instead of sugar); can accumulate in the blood and urine
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| turbid | Cloudy
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| bilirubin | Pigment released by the liver in bile
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| BUN (blood urea nitrogen) | a laboratory test that measures the urea levels of blood urea – NORMALLY level is low because urea is excreted in the urine continuously. However, when the kidney is diseased or fails, urea accumulates in the blood (called uremia), leading to unconsciousn
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