Bio201 - Ch 6 - Bones & Skeletal Orientation - Rio Salado - Marieb/Hoehn
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| Skeletal Cartilage | Made of cartilage tissue - mostly of water.
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| Cartilage consists primarily of __. | Water
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| __ tissue contains no nerves or blood vessels. | Cartilage
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| __ surrounds cartilage - dense irregular CT. | Perichondrium
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| Perichondrium | Wraps around cartilage - nutrients diffuse from here into cartilage.
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| What limits the thickness of cartilage? | Perichondrium
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| Components of cartilage are __. | Chondrocytes encased in lacuna w/in jellylike ground substance & fibers.
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| Cartilage grows in two ways. | Appositional growth & interstitial growth.
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| Appositional Growth | "Growth from outside" - cartilage-forming cells in perichondrium secrete new matrix against exterior.
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| Interstitial Growth | "Growth from inside" - chondrocytes divide & secrete new matrix from within.
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| Calcified cartilage is not __. | Bone
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| How many bones are in the human skeleton? | 206
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| Axial skeleton is involved in __. | Protecting, supporting, or carrying other parts.
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| Role of appendicular skeleton is __? | Locomotion & manipulation of environment.
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| Bones are classified by shape as __? | Long, short, flat & irregular.
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| Long bones | Longer than their width, a shaft & 2 ends - all limb bones.
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| Which limb bones aren't long bones? | Patella (kneecap), wrist, & ankle bones.
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| Short bones | Cube shaped - wrist & ankle
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| Sesamoid bones | Short bone that forms in tendons - patella
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| Flat bones | Thin, flattened & unusually curved - breast bone, scapulae, ribs & skull bones.
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| Irregular bones | Complicated shapes - vertebrae & hip bones.
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| 5 Functions of Bones | Support, protection, movement, mineral & growth factor storage, blood cell formation.
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| Rib cage supports __. | Thoracic wall.
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| Bone is a reservoir for which minerals? | Calcium & phosphate.
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| Mineralized bone matrix stores growth factors like__. | Insulin-like growth factors, transforming, bone morphogenic proteins, etc.
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| Hematopoiesis occurs where? | In marrow cavities of certain bones.
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| Bones are organs because? | They are composed of several tissues: osseous, nervous, cartilage, CT, etc.
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| Bone markings | External surfaces w/depressions & openings - indicate stresses created by attachments.
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| Spongy bone is also called __. | Cancellous bone.
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| The flat pieces in spongy bone are __. | Trabeculae
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| Diaphysis | Tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone.
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| Thick collar of compact bone is? | Diaphysis.
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| Medullary cavity | Marrow cavity - contains fat (yellow marrow)
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| Another name for yellow bone marrow cavity? | Medullary cavity
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| The joint surface of each epiphysis is covered with __? | A thin layer of articular (hyaline) cartilage.
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| Epiphyseal line | Remnant of epiphyseal polate - metaphysis.
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| Epiphyseal plate | Disc of hyaline cartilage - grows during childhood to lengthen bone.
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| Periosteum | Covers entire external bone surface - double-layered membrane.
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| 2 layers of periosteum are? | Outter fibrous layer & inner osteogenic layer.
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| Outer layer of periosteum is made of? | Dense connective tissue.
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| Nutrient Foramen | Opening in diaphysis that supplies nerve fibers, lymph & blood vessels.
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| Perforating (Sharpey's) Fibers | Secures periosteum to bone w/tufts of collagen fibers into bone matrix.
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| Where are perforating fibers exceptionally dense? | Points of anchoring for tendons & ligaments.
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| Internal bone surfaces are covered w/delicate CT membrane called __? | Endosteum
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| Endosteum | Covers trabeculae of spongy bone & lines canals.
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| Endosteum contains which 2 cells? | Osteoblasts & osteoclasts.
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| Common design of short, irregular & flat bones? | Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone outside & endosteum-covered spongy bone inside.
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| Noncylindrical bones lack __ &__. | Shaft & epiphyses.
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| Which bones contain marrow but no significant marrow cavity? | Short irregular & flat bones.
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| In flat bones, spongy bone is called __? | Dipole
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| Dipole | Spongy bone in flat bone of skull - like sandwich.
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| Red marrow | Hematopoietic Tissue
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| Where is red marrow found? | In trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long & dipole of flat bones.
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| Red marrow cavities | Trabecular cavities & dipole
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| Where is red marrow in infants? | Medullary cavity of diaphysis & all areas of spongy bone.
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| If a person becomes anemic, what can revert to red marrow? | Yellow marrow.
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| Where is blood cell production in adults? | Heads of femur & humerus.
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| 4 Major cellt ypes populating bone are? | Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes
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| Osteogenic cells | Miotic stem cells - form osteoblasts & other stem cells.
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| Structural unit of compact bone is __. | Osteon/Haversian System
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| Osteon | Elongated hollow cylinder parallel to long axis of bone.
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| Lamella | Matrix tubes
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| Another name for compact bone is? | Lamellar bone
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| The type of fibers in lamella are? | Collagen fibers.
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| The collagen fibers in adjacent lamella run in __ directions. | Opposite.
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| The design of an osteon is __. | "Twister resister"
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| __ align w/collagen fibers in osteon. | Crystals of bone salts.
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| Running through the core of each osteon is __. | Central/Haversian Canal.
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| Volkmann's Canals | Canals that lie at right angles to long axis of bone - blood & nerve supply from periosteum to central canal.
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| Internal bone cavities are lined with? | Endosteum
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| Where are lacunae found? | At junctions of the lamellae.
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| What connect lacunae to each other & the central canal? | Canaliculi
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| What structures allow bone cells to be well nurished? | Canalicui permit wastes & nutrients to be relayed.
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| Osteocytes act as __ in cases of bone damage. | Sensors - for stresses or strains.
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| Interstitial lamellae | Incomplete lamellae - remnants of osteons that have been cut by bone remodeling.
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| Circumferential lamellae | Just deep to periosteum & superficial to endosteum - resists twisting of long bones.
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| Trabeculae contain: | Irregular arranged lamellae & osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi.
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| Trabeculae do not contain __. | Osteons.
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| Organic components of bone are? | Cells & osteoid - collagen fibers & ground substance.
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| Osteoid | 1/3 of bone matrix - ground substance & fibers.
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| Bone resilience (strength) is attributed to __. | Sacrificial bonds that break easily on impact.
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| Sacrificial bonds are? | Between collagen molecules - break & disappate energy to prevent big fracture.
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| Inorganic bone components | Mineral salts - calcium phosphates around collagen fibers.
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| Harness of bone that allows it to resist compression comes from __. | Mineral salt crystals.
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| Health bone is __ as strong as steel in resisting compression. | 1/2
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| Bone is __ as steel in resisting tension. | Completely
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| Ossification | Bone formation
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| Ossification in adults serves mainly for __. | Bone remodeling & repair.
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| Before week __ embryo skeleton constructed of fibrous membranes & hyaline cartilage. | 8
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| Intramembranous Ossification | When bone develops from fibrous membrane.
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| Membrane bone | Bone that develops from fibrous membrane.
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| Endochondral Ossification | Bone development by replacing hyaline cartilage.
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| Enchondral Bone | Bone developed from hyaline cartilage.
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| __ results in formation of cranial bone. | Intramembranous Ossification
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| __ bones are formed by intramembranous ossification. | Flat bones.
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| Intramembranous ossification hardens membranes that originally came from __. | Mesenchymal cells.
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| 4 Steps of Intramembranous Ossification. | (1) Ossification cntr, (2) Bone matrix secreted, (3) Woven bone & periosteum form, (4) Bone collar & marrow appears.
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| Except for clavicles, all bones beneath base of skull form by __ ossification. | Endochondral.
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| When does endochondral ossification begin? | In the 2nd month.
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| Primary ossification center | Center of the hyaline cartilage shaft.
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| 5 Steps of Endochondral Ossification. | (1) Bone collar around h-cartilage, (2) cavitation, (3) peristeal bud, (4) medullary cavity forms/2nd center in epiphyses, (5) Ossification of epiphyses.
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| Hypertrophy | Enlarge
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| What month does periosteal bud form? | Month 3
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| Periosteal bud | Nutrient artery & vein, lymphatics, nerve fibers, red marrow elements, bone cells.
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| Ossification __ cartilage formation along the length of the shaft. | "Chases"
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| Short bones have __ ossification center. | 1
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| Long bones have __ ossification centers. | 3 - 1 primary & 2 secondary
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| How does secondary ossification differ from primary? | Spongy bone in the interior is retained & no medullary cavity forms in epiphyses.
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| Long bones lengthen by __ growth during infancy & youth. | Interstitial Growth.
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| Which bones continue to grow through life? | Nose & lower jaw.
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| Longitudial bone growth ends when? | Bone of epiphysis & diaphysis fuses - Epiphyseal plate closure.
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| Adult bone can increase in diameter by __ growth if stressed. | Appositional growth.
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| Epiphyseal plate activity is stimulated by __. | Growth Hormone.
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| __ hormones modulate the activity of growth hormone. | Thyroid hormones.
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| Every week we recycle __ of our bone mass. | 5-7%
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| Spongy bone is replaced every __ years. | 3-4 years
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| Compact bone is replaced every __ years. | 10 years
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| When bone remains in place for a long time they __. | Become more brittle.
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| The most commond disorder of bone homeostais. | Fracture.
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| In adults, where does bone remodeling occur? | Surface of periosteum & endosteum.
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| Osteoid seam | An unmineralized band of gauzy-looking bone matrix.
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| Calcification Front | Abrupt transition between osteoid seam & older bone.
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| Alkaline Phosphate | Essential for mineralization - shed by osteoblasts.
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| Osteoclasts are __ cells. | Multinucleated
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| Osteoclasts arise from same hematopoietic stem cells as __. | Macrophages
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| Lysosomal enzymes | Secreted by osteoclasts that digest organic matrix.
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| Hydrochloric Acid | Converts calcium salts into soluble forms.
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| 2 Control loops that regulaate bone remodeling. | (1) neg. feed. of Ca homeostatis in blood & (2) gravitational forces.
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| Calcium is absorbed how? | In the intestines under Vitamin D metabolites.
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| Bone remodeling hormonal mechanism involves the __. | Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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| Calcitonin | Produced by parafollicular cells (C Cells) of thyroid - secreted when blood levels of Ca rise.
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| When blood levels of calcium drop __ is released. | PTH - parathyroid hormone.
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| __ levels stimulate osteoclasts to reabsorb bone. | Increased PTH
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| Osteoid lacks __. | Calcium salts
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| Hypercalcemia | Sustained high Ca levels in blood.
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| What can hypercalcemia lead to? | Deposits of Ca salts in vellsels, kidneys & organs.
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| Which fat-derrived hormone regulates bone density? | Leptin
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| Wolff's Law regarding stresses | bone grows/remodels in response to demands placed on it.
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| A bone's anatomy reflects what? | The common stresses it encounters.
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| Deforming a bone produces an __. | Electric current.
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| 4 Observations of Wolff's Law are? | (1) long bones thickest midway of diaphysis, (2) Curved bones thickest where they might bend, (3) Trabeculae form trusses along compression lines, (4) Large, bondy projections occur where muscles attach.
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| A fracture is treated __? | Realignment of the broken bone ends.
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| Hydroxyapatite | The salts in bone.
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| Bone ends secured by pins or wires. | Open (internal) reduction.
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| 4 Stages of bone fracture healing. | (1) hematoma, (2) fibrocartilaginous callus, (3) Bone callus, (4) Bone remodeling.
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| Fibrocartilaginous Callus | Mass of bone repair tissue that splints bone.
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| What underlies nearly every skeletal disease? | Imbalances between bone deposit & reabsorption.
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| Osteomalacia | Soft bones-osteoid produced by no salts deposited.
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| Paget's Disease | Excessive, haphazzard bone deposit & reabsorption.
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| If you need more calcium, the __ gland secretes hormone. | More = parathyroid
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| If you need less calicum, the __ secretes hormone. | Less = thyroid
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| A fracture in the shaft of bone would be a break in the __. | Diaphysis
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| Layers of calcification found in bone. | Lamella
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| A __ contains osteocytes, lamellae, & a central canal & is only found in compact bone. | Osteon
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| 65% of bone mass is __. | Hydroxyapatite
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| The organic part of bone matrix is __. | Osteoid
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| The trabeculae are oriented __ lines of stress. | Towards
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| Greenstick Fracture | In children - bone bends & only 1 side breaks.
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| Compression Fracture | Common in vertebrae & in osteoporosis.
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| Spiral Fracture | Ragged break due to twist forces - common in sports.
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| Osteogenesis is a process of __ & __. | Bone formation & remodeling.
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| __ Increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions. | Parathyroid Hormone
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| Comminuted Fracture | Bone fragments into 3+ pieces - common in elderly.
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| Epiphyseal Fracture | Break along epiphyseal plate.
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| Depressed Fracture | Broken bone is pressed inward - skull fracture.
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| Bone formed is poorly mineralized & soft - deforms during weight-bearing. | Osteomalacia.
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| Abnormal bone formation & reabsorption. | Paget's Disease.
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| In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows __. | Ephiphysis to diaphysis.
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| Osteomyelitis is? | Inflammation of bone & marrow by pus-forming bacteria due to wound.
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| Achondroplasia | Congenital conditon - defective cartilage & bone growth - dwarfism.
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| The limbs of a patient with Achondroplasia would be __. | Too short.
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| Osteitis | Inflammation of bony tissue.
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| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | "Brittle Bone disease" - not enough collagen.
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| A round or oval hole through a bone that contains blood vessels &/or nerves. | Foramen
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| Bone pain | Ostealgia
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| Which bone is adapted to withstand stress? | Spongy Bone
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| There is blood-forming marrow in most __ bones of adults. | Short.
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| Interstitial Growth | Chondrocytes in lacunae divide & secrete matrix.
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