The Transformation of Eastern Europe (1648 - 1740)
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| Knights of the Empire | little lords of manor that never got incorporated into the modern system; didn't acknowledge any overlordship besides the Holy Roman Emperor
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| neofeudalism | characteristics of old feudal, medival concepts still alive; neo = new
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| Germanic liberties | aka states rights; freedom of member states from control by emperor/europe; kept HRE weak (so backed by France)
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| perpetual diet | Holy Roman emperor has diet (like congress or estates general so representative body); have for times of war and 1663 is the last time a formal diet was called; never resolved so diet techincally in order from 1663 - 1806; like Long Parliament,
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| Guelph family (Hanover) | hereditary rulers of Hanover (electoral status); also inherits England because James II's Catholic line is barred; English king and Hanover elector
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| Hohenzollern | hereditary rulers and electors of Brandenburg; eventually kings of Prussia
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| Duchy of Prussia | Polish regiion where a lot of Germanic people live; eventually annexed by Prussia; duchy = province
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| szlachta | Polish aristocracy (nobles); 8% of the population; sticklers for their Polish liberties (aka states rights)
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| liberum veto | free veto; any member who disapproves can make diet explode, take idea off the playing field; no action if any member rejected, must be unanimous; characteristic of Polish diet; benefits people and individual manors (nonpowerful left alone); non efficient
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| Koran | the Holy Book of Muslims; were laws of the Ottoman Empire derived from
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| sultan | the ruler of Ottoman Empire; Muslim political leader; one with caliph
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| caliph | Ottoman Empire; Muslim religious leader; one with sultan
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| extraterritorial privileges | same concept of diplomatic immunity for foreign representatives; Turks off this for business and economic interactions (mainly France); Muslim law wont apply to you
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| Turk bells | if they rang it was becasue Ottman Empire was potentually would invade you
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| hereditary provinces | aka Austria, the core and oldest/original part of the Austrian Empire; has taken in Bohemia and Hungary
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| Pope Innocent XI | jumps in to help the Austrians financially; doesn't want Ottoman Empire to take Austria (they are Muslim)
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| Duke Charles of Lorraine | Hapsburg general in series of wars; just a duke before he eventually became king and HREmperor; wanted to protect inheritance
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| John Sobieski | king of Poland who offers troops for Austria; doesn't want the Ottoman Empire to expand anymore; last great military effort for Poland
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| Prince Eugene of Savoy | leader of Austrian forces in War of the Spanish Succession (gains royal title); international "free agent", consultant to Austria; offers knowledge of how to modernize technology, economy, government for Austria
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| Battle of Zenta | 1697; decisive battle between Austria and Ottoman Empire that creates a temporary boarder between the two
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| Peace of Karlowitz | 1699; peace treaty that called for a temporary pause "time out"; so Austria could fight in the War of the Spanish Succession
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| Treaty of Rastadt | treaty that ends the War of the Spanish Succession; Austria annexes the Spanish Netherlands
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| Peace of Belgrade | 1739; Austria keeps pushing the Ottoman Empire further east, results in this treaty; permanent border separating Austria from Ottoman - lasts until WWI
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| Trieste | Austria's window to the Mediterranian Sea; seaport in Croatia
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| Magyar aristocracy | aka Hungarian aristocracy; Magyars are the ethnic group of Hungary
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| Charles VI | king of Austria and HREmperor; no male hier; wants his empire to stay intact after his death
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| Pragmatic Sanction | Charles VI doesn't want his kingdom to be divided like Spain's was; only one holy line; countries agree, but once he is dead - go get em!; people try to take advantage, wars of the Austrian Succession (started by Prussia)
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| Maria Theresa | Charles VI's daughter and only child
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| militarism | army and its needs come first; war is glorified and it is a good thing (not be be avoided); Prussia
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| margrave | ruler of a German state; another title you could call the elector of Brandenburg
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| Brandenburg | state of HRE; eventually inherited Prussia in Poland; built up to become the Kingdom of Prussia; militaristic state because it is a mark state and therefore needs to be
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| "mark" of the HRE | boarder state of empire; must build up an army for protection from possible invasion; Brandenburg obsessed with military - becomes even more so after the devistation of the 30 Years War
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| Teutonic Knights | group in Middle Ages; militaristic, Christians who settled Northern Germany; Brandenburg is the decendents of them
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| Frederick William (The Great Elector) | the ruler of Brandenburg who leaves Brandenburg out of the aftermath of the 30 Year's War; first man to inherit Prussia; created a small but compitent army; begins the transformation of Brandenburg to a powerful state
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| Frederick III of Brandenburg (Frederick I of Prussia) | in exchange for 8000 troops for the Spanish Succession, receives the title of King of Prussia; receives Further Pomerania; turns Prussia into hard military state we think of; build up but doesnt unleash - more of a bargaining chip
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| Frederick II (The Great) | of Prussia; unleashes military; starts Austrian War of Succession; militaristic society - whip if being lazy etc
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| Silesia | taken by Frederick II during War of Austrian Succession; challenging Austria for dominance of German world; wants to weaen Austria just enough to convince HRE that it should look to Prussia instead
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| Europeanization | the westernizing of Russia; borrowing new knowlege and institutions
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| Muscovy | the area in and around Moscow; "true, ethnically pure" Russians
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| Slavic | people identified with their language; term used to describe Russian people
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| Ivan III (The Great) | threw off the Mongol rule from Russia
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| Great Russians | aka Muscovites, those who lived in and around Moscow; therefore "true, ethnically pure" Russians
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| Tartar | northern coast of Black Sea; group that Russians have to conquer in order to have access to Black Sea
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| Cossacks | southern Russians; like American west in the sense that they were considered to be like cowboys
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| White Russians | where modern day Belarus is; Bela = white, rus= russian
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| Little Russians | in and around Kiev (Ukraine); little = lower, southern Russia; big part of Russia's agriculture, know as the "bread basket" of Russia
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| Archangel | port city that Peter the Great uses to try to establish a Russian navy; summer-only port, wanted to get a year-round warm-water port
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| duma | council of advisors to the tsar
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| streltsi | Russian military corps; the Moscow nobles who were involved in politics
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| Ivan IV (The Terrible) | considered to be the first 'czar' of Russia
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| czar (tzar) | derives from the term Caesar; synonym for Emperor (aka the Russian leader)
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| Time of Troubles | similar to the War of the Roses in England; fight amoung Russian nobles as to who should inherit the throne; Michael Rommanov is chosen as a compromise
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| Michael Romanov | first of Romanov dynasty; related by marriage to Ivan IV and wasn't connected to any warring side
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| Romanov Dynasty | Russia's ruling family from Michael Romanov through 1917; began the repression of representative institutions in Russia and became leaders similar to that of an absolute monarchy
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| Stephen Razin | led a 1667 uprising of peasants; took a group of serfs, Cossacks, adventurers and terrorized Russian towns; "war on nobles and landlords'; result was clamping down more on peasants;
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| Old Believers | those who rejected the reforms of the Russian Bible and the changes to their Orthodox Church
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| Procurator of the Holy Synod | the secular connection between Peter and the church; Russian church had a Holy Synod in replace of a Petriarch; czars uses this position to weaken and control the church, indirectly placing himself in charge
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| German quarter | a German region of Moscow that fascinated Peter the Great because of its western, modern style; sparks Peter's interest in the West
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| Great Northern War | (1700 - 1721); Sweden vs Russia; ending marked end of Swedish imperialism and gained Russia a warm water port in St. Petersburg
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| Treaty of Nystadt | ended Great Northern War; secured Peter the Great a piece of the Baltic Shore and a warm water port
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| St. Petersburg (Leningrad) | Peter's window to the west; established gov. there forcing nobility to build houses; symbol of new Russia (minds facing West)
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