A&P 2 - Exam 3 - Part 1 - Digestive Anatomy
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| The digestive system prepares food for ____________ and utilization by all the cells of the body. | absorption
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| Food material that is not absorbed becomes _________ that is eliminated. | feces
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| Digestion depends on both ___________ and __________ secretions. | endocrine, exocrine
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| Digestion depends on the controlled movement of ingested food materials through the _____________. | gastrointestinal (GI) tract
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| The main organs of the digestive system form the GI tract that extends through the _____________ cavity. | abdominopelvic
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| Ingested food material passing through the _________ of the GI tract is ___________ the internal environment of the body. | lumen, outside
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| The four layers of the GI tract from the outermost to innermost are _____________. | serosa, muscalaris, submucosa, mucosa
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| Layers of the GI tract have various ___________ to enable them to perform various functions. | modifications
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| The oral cavity is also known as the ____________. | buccal cavity
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| The hard palate consists of what 4 bones? | 2 maxillae and 2 palatines
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| The soft palate forms a partition between the ___________ and the _____________. | mouth, nasopharynx
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| The soft palate is made up of _________ arranged in an _________. | muscle, arch
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| Suspended from the midpoint of the posterior border of the arch of the soft palate is the __________. | uvula
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| The _________ is a solid mass of skeletal muscle covered by a mucous membrane. | tongue
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| The tongue is a solid mass of ____________ covered by a __________. | skeletal muscle, mucous membrane
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| The act of swallowing is known as _____________. | deglutition
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| The tongue is important in the acts of ____________ and ____________. | mastication, deglutition
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| The _____________ anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth. | lingual frenulum
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| The three pairs of saliva glands produce approximately __________ of saliva per day. | 1 liter
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| What are the three pairs of saliva glands? | parotid, submandibular, sublingual
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| ___________ contribute less than 5% of total salivary volume but provide for hygiene and comfort of oral tissues. | buccal glands
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| _________ are the largest of the paired salivary glands. | parotid glands
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| _________ produce watery saliva containing enzymes. | parotid glands
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| parotid glands produce watery saliva containing __________. | enzymes
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| ___________ are compound glands that contain enzyme and mucous producing elements. | submandibular glands
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| Submandibular glands are compound glands that contain _______ and ________ producing elements. | enzyme, mucous
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| ___________ are the smallest of the salivary glands. | sublingual glands
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| __________ produce a mucous type of saliva. | sublingual glands
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| Baby teeth are also known as __________. | deciduous teeth
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| How many deciduous teeth are there? | 20
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| Teeth which replace deciduous teeth are known as ___________. | permanent teeth
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| How many permanent teeth are there? | 32
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| The __________ is the tube through which a bolus passes when moved from the mouth to the esophagus. | pharynx
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| The __________ is the tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. | esophagus
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| The ___________ is the first segment of the digestive tube. | esophagus
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| The size of the stomach varies with factors such as ________ and the amount of __________. | gender, distention
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| In adults the capacity of the stomach ranges from ________ to ________. | 1.0 to 1.5 liters
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| __________ are circular fibers arranged so that there is an opening in the center when relaxed and no opening when contracted. | sphincter muscles
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| The __________ controls the opening of the esophagus into the stomach. | cardiac sphincter
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| The __________ controls the outlet of the pyloric portion of the stomach into the duodenum. | pyloric sphincter
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| Gastric glands, found in the __________, secrete most gastric juice. | gastric mucosa
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| __________ are secretory cells found in the gastric glands that secrete the enzymes of gastric juice. | chief cells
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| __________ are secretory cells, found in the gastric glands, that secrete hydrochloric acid and are thought to produce intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption. | parietal cells
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| Parietal cells, found in gastric glands, secrete ___________ and are thought to produce intrinsic factor needed for ____ absorption. | hydrochloric acid, B12
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| In the stomach, ____________ is a thick layer of muscle with three distinct sublayers of smooth muscle tissue. | gastric muscularis
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| The three smooth muscle sublayers of the gastric muscularis are arranged in a __________ pattern which allows the stomach to contract strongly at many angles. | criss-crossing
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| The stomach functions as a __________ for food until it is partially digested and moved further along the _________. | reservoir, GI tract
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| The stomach functions in the secretion of __________ to aid in the digestion of food. | gastric juice
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| The stomach functions to break food into smaller particles and mix them with __________. | gastric juice
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| The stomach functions to secrete ___________ factor. | intrinsic
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| The stomach functions in limited ___________. | absorption
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| The stomach functions to produce what hormone? | gastrin
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| The stomach functions to protect the body from _____________ swallowed with food. | pathogenic bacteria
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| The size of the small intestine is approximately _____ in diameter and ______ in length. | 2.5 cm, 6 m
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| The small intestine is divided into what three parts? | duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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| The duodenum is the uppermost part, approximately ________ long and shaped roughly like the letter ___. | 25 cm, C
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| The jejunum is approximately _____ long. | 2.5 m
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| The ileum is approximately _____ long. | 3.5 m
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| The intestinal lining of the small intestine has _______ with _______. | plicae, villi
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| ________ are an important modification of the mucosal layer of the small intestine. | villi
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| Each villus of the mucosal layer of the small intestine contains an __________, __________ and _________. | arteriole, venule, lacteal
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| Villi are covered by a _________ made up of _______ ultrafine microvilli per cell. | brush border, 1700
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| Villi and microvilli increase the ___________ of the small intestine hundreds of times. | surface area
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| The large intestine is an average diameter of ____ and is approximately _______ in length. | 6 cm, 1.5 to 1.8 m
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| The _________ is an accessory organ of the digestive system that is ______ in length and communicates with the cecum. | vermiform appendix, 8 to 10 cm
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| The vermiform appendix communicates with the ________. | cecum
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| ________ is a large continuous sheet of serous membrane. | peritoneum
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| Peritoneum is a large continuous sheet of __________. | serous membrane
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| Peritoneum is made up of what two layers? | parietal, visceral
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| _________ is a projection of the parietal peritoneum which allows free movement of each coil of the intestine and helps prevent __________. | mesentery, strangulation
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| The __________ is the largest gland in the body. | liver
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| The liver weighs approximately how much? | 1.5 kg
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| The liver lies under the ___________. | diaphragm
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| The liver occupies most of the right __________ and part of the __________. | hypochondrium, epigastrium
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| The _________ functions to detoxify ingested toxic substances and toxic substance found in the intestines. | liver
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| Bile salts are formed in the liver from __________ and are the most important part of bile. | cholesterol
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| ___________ are formed in the liver from cholesterol and are the most important part of bile. | bile salts
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| Liver cells secrete approximately _______ of bile per day. | 1 pint
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| Liver metabolism carries out numerous important steps in the metabolizing of _______, _______, and _______. | proteins, fats, carbohydrates
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| The liver stores substances such as ______ and some _______. | iron, vitamins
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| The liver functions in the production of important ________ proteins. | plasma
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| The _________ is a pear-shaped sac which is ______ long and _______ wide at its broadest point. | gallbladder, 7-10 cm, 3 cm
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| The gallbladder holds __________ of bile. | 30-50 ml
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| The __________ lies on the undersurface of the liver. | gallbladder
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| The gallbladder functions in the storage of __________. | bile
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| The gallbladder functions in the concentration of bile _______ to ________. | fivefold, tenfold
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| The gallbladder functions in the ejection of bile into the _________. | duodenum
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| The _________ is a grayish pink-colored gland. | pancreas
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| The pancreas is ________ long. | 12 to 15 cm
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| The pancreas runs from the _______, behind the _________, to the ________. | duodenum, stomach, spleen
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| The __________ of the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes. | acinar units
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| Alpha cells within the pancreas secrete __________. | glucagons
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| Beta cells withing the pancreas secrete __________. | insulin
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| Infants have immature intestinal _________ in which intact proteins can pass through epithelial cells lining the tract and cause __________. | mucosa, allergic reactions
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| Lactose intolerance affects infants who lack the enzyme _______. | lactase
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| ______ is an acute viral disease characterized by swelling of the parotid salivary glands. | mumps
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| An inflammation of the appendix, _________ is more common in adolescents and then decreases with advancing age. | appendicitis
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| In middle age, _______ and ________ disease are common. | ulcers, gallbladder
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| In old age, decreased _________ fluids, slowing of _________ and reduced physical activity lead to _________ and ___________. | digestive, peristalsis, constipation, diverticulosis
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| What are abnormal outpouchings of the large intestines? | diverticulosis
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