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A&P 2 - E3 - P1
A&P 2 - Exam 3 - Part 1 - Digestive Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The digestive system prepares food for ____________ and utilization by all the cells of the body. | absorption |
| Food material that is not absorbed becomes _________ that is eliminated. | feces |
| Digestion depends on both ___________ and __________ secretions. | endocrine, exocrine |
| Digestion depends on the controlled movement of ingested food materials through the _____________. | gastrointestinal (GI) tract |
| The main organs of the digestive system form the GI tract that extends through the _____________ cavity. | abdominopelvic |
| Ingested food material passing through the _________ of the GI tract is ___________ the internal environment of the body. | lumen, outside |
| The four layers of the GI tract from the outermost to innermost are _____________. | serosa, muscalaris, submucosa, mucosa |
| Layers of the GI tract have various ___________ to enable them to perform various functions. | modifications |
| The oral cavity is also known as the ____________. | buccal cavity |
| The hard palate consists of what 4 bones? | 2 maxillae and 2 palatines |
| The soft palate forms a partition between the ___________ and the _____________. | mouth, nasopharynx |
| The soft palate is made up of _________ arranged in an _________. | muscle, arch |
| Suspended from the midpoint of the posterior border of the arch of the soft palate is the __________. | uvula |
| The _________ is a solid mass of skeletal muscle covered by a mucous membrane. | tongue |
| The tongue is a solid mass of ____________ covered by a __________. | skeletal muscle, mucous membrane |
| The act of swallowing is known as _____________. | deglutition |
| The tongue is important in the acts of ____________ and ____________. | mastication, deglutition |
| The _____________ anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth. | lingual frenulum |
| The three pairs of saliva glands produce approximately __________ of saliva per day. | 1 liter |
| What are the three pairs of saliva glands? | parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
| ___________ contribute less than 5% of total salivary volume but provide for hygiene and comfort of oral tissues. | buccal glands |
| _________ are the largest of the paired salivary glands. | parotid glands |
| _________ produce watery saliva containing enzymes. | parotid glands |
| parotid glands produce watery saliva containing __________. | enzymes |
| ___________ are compound glands that contain enzyme and mucous producing elements. | submandibular glands |
| Submandibular glands are compound glands that contain _______ and ________ producing elements. | enzyme, mucous |
| ___________ are the smallest of the salivary glands. | sublingual glands |
| __________ produce a mucous type of saliva. | sublingual glands |
| Baby teeth are also known as __________. | deciduous teeth |
| How many deciduous teeth are there? | 20 |
| Teeth which replace deciduous teeth are known as ___________. | permanent teeth |
| How many permanent teeth are there? | 32 |
| The __________ is the tube through which a bolus passes when moved from the mouth to the esophagus. | pharynx |
| The __________ is the tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. | esophagus |
| The ___________ is the first segment of the digestive tube. | esophagus |
| The size of the stomach varies with factors such as ________ and the amount of __________. | gender, distention |
| In adults the capacity of the stomach ranges from ________ to ________. | 1.0 to 1.5 liters |
| __________ are circular fibers arranged so that there is an opening in the center when relaxed and no opening when contracted. | sphincter muscles |
| The __________ controls the opening of the esophagus into the stomach. | cardiac sphincter |
| The __________ controls the outlet of the pyloric portion of the stomach into the duodenum. | pyloric sphincter |
| Gastric glands, found in the __________, secrete most gastric juice. | gastric mucosa |
| __________ are secretory cells found in the gastric glands that secrete the enzymes of gastric juice. | chief cells |
| __________ are secretory cells, found in the gastric glands, that secrete hydrochloric acid and are thought to produce intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption. | parietal cells |
| Parietal cells, found in gastric glands, secrete ___________ and are thought to produce intrinsic factor needed for ____ absorption. | hydrochloric acid, B12 |
| In the stomach, ____________ is a thick layer of muscle with three distinct sublayers of smooth muscle tissue. | gastric muscularis |
| The three smooth muscle sublayers of the gastric muscularis are arranged in a __________ pattern which allows the stomach to contract strongly at many angles. | criss-crossing |
| The stomach functions as a __________ for food until it is partially digested and moved further along the _________. | reservoir, GI tract |
| The stomach functions in the secretion of __________ to aid in the digestion of food. | gastric juice |
| The stomach functions to break food into smaller particles and mix them with __________. | gastric juice |
| The stomach functions to secrete ___________ factor. | intrinsic |
| The stomach functions in limited ___________. | absorption |
| The stomach functions to produce what hormone? | gastrin |
| The stomach functions to protect the body from _____________ swallowed with food. | pathogenic bacteria |
| The size of the small intestine is approximately _____ in diameter and ______ in length. | 2.5 cm, 6 m |
| The small intestine is divided into what three parts? | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| The duodenum is the uppermost part, approximately ________ long and shaped roughly like the letter ___. | 25 cm, C |
| The jejunum is approximately _____ long. | 2.5 m |
| The ileum is approximately _____ long. | 3.5 m |
| The intestinal lining of the small intestine has _______ with _______. | plicae, villi |
| ________ are an important modification of the mucosal layer of the small intestine. | villi |
| Each villus of the mucosal layer of the small intestine contains an __________, __________ and _________. | arteriole, venule, lacteal |
| Villi are covered by a _________ made up of _______ ultrafine microvilli per cell. | brush border, 1700 |
| Villi and microvilli increase the ___________ of the small intestine hundreds of times. | surface area |
| The large intestine is an average diameter of ____ and is approximately _______ in length. | 6 cm, 1.5 to 1.8 m |
| The _________ is an accessory organ of the digestive system that is ______ in length and communicates with the cecum. | vermiform appendix, 8 to 10 cm |
| The vermiform appendix communicates with the ________. | cecum |
| ________ is a large continuous sheet of serous membrane. | peritoneum |
| Peritoneum is a large continuous sheet of __________. | serous membrane |
| Peritoneum is made up of what two layers? | parietal, visceral |
| _________ is a projection of the parietal peritoneum which allows free movement of each coil of the intestine and helps prevent __________. | mesentery, strangulation |
| The __________ is the largest gland in the body. | liver |
| The liver weighs approximately how much? | 1.5 kg |
| The liver lies under the ___________. | diaphragm |
| The liver occupies most of the right __________ and part of the __________. | hypochondrium, epigastrium |
| The _________ functions to detoxify ingested toxic substances and toxic substance found in the intestines. | liver |
| Bile salts are formed in the liver from __________ and are the most important part of bile. | cholesterol |
| ___________ are formed in the liver from cholesterol and are the most important part of bile. | bile salts |
| Liver cells secrete approximately _______ of bile per day. | 1 pint |
| Liver metabolism carries out numerous important steps in the metabolizing of _______, _______, and _______. | proteins, fats, carbohydrates |
| The liver stores substances such as ______ and some _______. | iron, vitamins |
| The liver functions in the production of important ________ proteins. | plasma |
| The _________ is a pear-shaped sac which is ______ long and _______ wide at its broadest point. | gallbladder, 7-10 cm, 3 cm |
| The gallbladder holds __________ of bile. | 30-50 ml |
| The __________ lies on the undersurface of the liver. | gallbladder |
| The gallbladder functions in the storage of __________. | bile |
| The gallbladder functions in the concentration of bile _______ to ________. | fivefold, tenfold |
| The gallbladder functions in the ejection of bile into the _________. | duodenum |
| The _________ is a grayish pink-colored gland. | pancreas |
| The pancreas is ________ long. | 12 to 15 cm |
| The pancreas runs from the _______, behind the _________, to the ________. | duodenum, stomach, spleen |
| The __________ of the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes. | acinar units |
| Alpha cells within the pancreas secrete __________. | glucagons |
| Beta cells withing the pancreas secrete __________. | insulin |
| Infants have immature intestinal _________ in which intact proteins can pass through epithelial cells lining the tract and cause __________. | mucosa, allergic reactions |
| Lactose intolerance affects infants who lack the enzyme _______. | lactase |
| ______ is an acute viral disease characterized by swelling of the parotid salivary glands. | mumps |
| An inflammation of the appendix, _________ is more common in adolescents and then decreases with advancing age. | appendicitis |
| In middle age, _______ and ________ disease are common. | ulcers, gallbladder |
| In old age, decreased _________ fluids, slowing of _________ and reduced physical activity lead to _________ and ___________. | digestive, peristalsis, constipation, diverticulosis |
| What are abnormal outpouchings of the large intestines? | diverticulosis |
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