WHS A&P Vocabulary Chemistry of Life
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| atom | basic unit of matter
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| proton | positively charged subatomic particle
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| electron | negatively charged subatomic particle; gives an element its chemical properties
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| neutron | subatomic particle that has the same mass as a proton but no electric charge
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| nucleus | the positively charged center of an atom
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| orbital | a region of space around the nucleus of an atom where an electron is likely to be found
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| ion | atom that has a positive or negative charge
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| atomic mass | mass of an atom expressed in atomic mass units
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| atomic number | number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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| isotope | atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
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| radioisotope | isotope that has an unstable nucleus and undergoes radioactive decay
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| compound | substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements in definite proportions
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| molecule | smallest unit of most compounds
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| ionic bond | bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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| covalent bond | a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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| reactant | element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction
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| substrate | reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
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| product | a chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction
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| potential energy | stored energy
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| kinetic energy | energy of motion
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| activation energy | minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
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| decomposition reaction | reaction in which one compound breaks into at least two products
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| catabolism | breakdown of more complex substances into simpler ones
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| synthesis reaction | reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single compound
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| anabolism | synthesizing a complex molecule from simpler compounds
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| exchange reaction | reaction in which molecules are exchanged to create new products; AB + CD ---> AD + CB
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| reversible reaction | chemical reaction in which the prodcuts re-form the original reactants
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| equilibrium reaction | reaction that is reversible and the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal
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| nutrient | chemical needed for the maintenance, growth, and development of the body
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| metabolite | any chemical produced by metabolism
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| mixture | two or more substances that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined
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| solution | homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
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| solute | the dissolved substance in a solution
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| solvent | the substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution
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| suspension | mixture of water and nondissolved materials whcih can be separated with filtration or settling
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| electrolyte | a substance when dissolved in water conducts electric current
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| salt | compound that conducts electricity when dissolved in water; created from the reaction of an acid and a base
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| inorganic compound | any compound that does not contain carbon-carbon bonds
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| organic compound | compound that contains carbon bonded to hydrogen and is found in living things
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| acid | compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
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| base | compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH+) in solution
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| neutralization | a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base interact to form a salt
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| hydrogen ion | positively charged atom of hydrogen (H+)
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| hydroxide ion | negatively charged ion made of oxygen and hydrogen (OH-)
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| pH scale | measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14
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| enzyme | specialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions
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| catalyst | substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected
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| RNA | single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis
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| DNA | double-stranded molecule that contains the genetic code
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| glycogen | polysaccharide that stores glucose in animals
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| glucose | sugar that is the major source of energy for the body's cells
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| monosaccharide | single sugar molecule
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| polysaccharide | large carbohydrate made of chains of monosaccharide molecules
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| glycerol | with fatty acids, make up the building blocks of lipids
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| fatty acid | with glycerol, make up the building blocks of lipids
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| nucleotide | building block of a nucleic acid
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| amino acid | basic building blocks of protein molecules
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| ATP | provides the energy for all cellular work; product of cellular respiration
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| active site | the site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate
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| denaturation | a structural change in a protein that results in a loss of its biological properties
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| macromolecule | very large complex molecule
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| polymer | large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together
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| monomer | small molecular unit that is the building block of a larger molecule
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| nucleic acid | macromolecule made up of subunits called nucleotides
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| lipid | organic compound made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes
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| protein | organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells
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| carbohydrate | organic compound used by cells to store and release energy
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| buffer | an ionic compound that resists changes in its pH
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