The Philosophes, The Enlightment and Religion
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| Who were philosophes? | People who took the lead in forging the new attitudes favorable to change, championed reform, and advocated toleration.
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| Who were some of the most famous? | Voltaire, Montesquieui, Diderot, D’Alembert, Rosseau, Hume, Gibbon, Smith, Lessing, and Kant.
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| What did philosophes support? | They supported the expansion of trade, agriculture, transport, and the invention of manufacturing machinery.
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| Who was the most influential? | Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire)
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| What did Voltaire believe? | He believed human society could and should be improved, but he was never certain that the changes will be permanent.
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| What was the chief impediment to human improvement and happiness? | Ecclesiastical Institutions
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| What did Philosophes argue? | They argued that the Calvinist doctrine of predestination denied the virtuous behavior in this life could affect the fate of a person’s soul after death.
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| What is deism? | The belief of life of religion and of reason could be combined.
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| What did David Hume argue? | He argued in “Of Miracles” that no empirical evidence supported the belief in divine miracles central to much of Christianity.
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| Baruch Spinoza's most famous work in which he drew God and nature closely together, so contemporaries condemned him? | Ethnics
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| Moses Mendelsohn was known as the, and what did he do? | “Jewish Socrates” and he established the main outlines of an assimilationist position.
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| How did European writers feel about Islam? | They said Islam was a false religion and Muhammed was a false prophet because he had not performed miracles, and said the religion was sexually promiscuous.
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Created by:
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