CH11 All the Rest
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| acidosis | Excessive acidity of body fluids due to the accumulation of acids, as in diabetic acidosis
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| edema | condition in which the body tissues contain excessive amounts of fluid
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| exophthalmos | condition in which the eyeballs protrude, such as in Graves’ disease. This is generally caused by an overproduction of thyroid hormone.
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| gynecomastia | Development of breast tissue in males. May be a symptom of adrenal feminization.
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| hirsutism | Condition of having an excessive amount of hair. Term generally used to describe females who have the adult male pattern of hair growth. Can be the result of a hormone imbalance.
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| hypersecretion | excessive hormone production by an endocrine gland.
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| hyposecretion | deficient hormone production by an endocrine gland
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| obesity | having an abnormal amount of fat in the body.
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| syndrome | group of symptoms and signs that, when combined, present a clinical picture of a disease or condition.
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| Addison’s disease | disease named for British physician Thomas Addison that results from a deficiency in adrenocortical hormones. There may be an increased pigmentation of the skin, generalized weakness, and weight loss.
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| Adrenal feminization | development of female secondary sexual characteristics (such as breasts) in a male. Often as a result of increased estrogen secretion by the adrenal cortex.
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| Adrenal virilism | development of male secondary characteristics (such as deeper voice and facial hair) in a female. Often as a result of increased androgen secretion by the adrenal cortex
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| Cushing’s syndrome | set of symptoms, named after U.S neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing, that result from hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex. This may be the result of a tumor in the adrenal glands. Includes weakness, edema, excess hair growth, skin discoloration, osteoporosis.
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| Pheochromocytoma | usually benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine. Symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, profuse sweating, headache, and nausea
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| Diabetes mellitus (DM) | chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism that results in hyperglycemia and glycosuria. There are two distinct forms of diabetes mellitus: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type 1, & non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or type 2
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| Diabetic retinopathy | secondary complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels of the retina, resulting in visual changes and even blindness
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| Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) | also called type 1 diabetes mellitus. It develops early in life when the pancreas stops insulin production. Patient must take daily insulin injections.
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| Insulinoma | Tumor of the islets of Langerhans cells of the pancreas that secretes excessive amount of insulin
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| Ketoacidosis | acidosis due to an excess of acidic ketone bodies (waste products). A serious condition requiring immediate treatment that can result in death for the diabetic patient if not reversed. Also called diabetic acidosis
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| Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) | also called type 2 diabetes mellitus. Typically develops later in life. The pancreas produces normal to high levels of insulin, but the cells fail to respond to it. Patients may take oral hypoglycemic to improve insulin function, or may take insulin
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| Peripheral neuropathy | damage to the nerves in the lower legs and hands as a result of diabetes mellitus. Symptoms include either extreme sensitivity or numbness and tingling
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| Tetany | nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps resulting from hypocalcemia. Hypoparathyroidism is one cause of tetany
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| Recklinghausen disease | Excessive production of parathyroid hormone, which results in degeneration of the bones. Named for German histologist Friedrich von Recklinghausen
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| Acromegaly | chronic disease of adults that result in an elongation and enlargement of the bones of the head and extremities. There can also be mood changes. Due to an excessive amount of growth hormone in an adult
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| Diabetes insipidus (DI) | disorder caused by the inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. There may be polyuria and polydipsia
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| Dwarfism | condition of being abnormally short in height. It may be the result of a hereditary condition or a lack of growth hormone
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| Gigantism | excessive development of the body due to the overproduction of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland in a child or teenager. The opposite of dwarfism
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| Panhypopituitarism | deficiency in all the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland. Often recognized because of problems with the glands regulated by the pituitary-adrenal cortex, thyroid, ovaries, and testes
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| Cretinism | congenital condition in which a lack of thyroid hormones may result in arrested physical and mental development
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| Goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland
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| Graves’ disease | condition named for Irish physician Robert Graves that results in overactivity of the thyroid gland and can cause a crisis situation. Symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter. A type of hyperthyroidism
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| Hashimoto’s disease | chronic autoimmune form of thyroiditis, results in hyposecretion of thyroid hormones
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| Myxedema | condition resulting from a hyposecretion of the thyroid gland in an adult. Symptoms can include anemia, slow speech, swollen facial features, edematous skin, drowsiness, and mental lethargy
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| Thyrotoxicosis | condition resulting from marked overproduction of the thyroid gland. Symptoms include rapid heart action, tremors, enlarged thyroid gland, exophthalmos, and weight loss
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| Adenocarcinoma | cancerous tumor in a gland that is capable of producing the hormones secreted by that gland. One cause of hypersecretion pathologies
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| Blood serum test | blood test to measure the level of substances such as calcium, electrolytes, testosterone, insulin, and glucose. Used to assist in determining the function of various endocrine glands
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| Fasting blood sugar (FBS) | blood test to measure the amount of sugar circulating throughout the body after a 12-hour fast
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| Glucose tolerance test (GTT) | test to determine blood sugar level. A dose of glucose is given orally or intravenously. Blood samples are then drawn at certain intervals to determine patient's ability to use glucose. Used for diabetics to determine their insulin response to glucose.
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| Protein-bound iodine test(PBI) | blood test to measure the concentration of thyroxine (T4) circulating in the bloodstream. The iodine becomes bound to the protein in the blood and can be measured. Useful in establishing thyroid function
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| Radioimmunoassay (RIA) | test used to measure the levels of hormones in the plasma of the blood
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| Thyroid function test (TFT) | blood test used to measure the levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood stream to assist in determining thyroid function
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| Total calcium | blood test to measure the total amount of calcium to assist in detecting parathyroid and bone disorders
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| Two-hour postprandial glucose tolerance test | blood test to assist in evaluating metabolism. The patient eats a high carbohydrate diet and then fasts overnight before the test. Then the blood sample is taken two hours after a meal
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| Thyroid echogram | ultrasound examination of the thyroid that can assist in distinguishing a thyroid nodule from a cyst
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| Thyroid scan | test in which radioactive iodine is administered that localizes in the thyroid gland. The gland can then be visualized with a scanning device to detect pathology such as tumors
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| Chemical thyroidectomy | large dose of radioactive iodine is given in order to kill thyroid gland cells without having to actually do surgery
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| Hormone replacement therapy | artificial replacement of hormones in patients with hyposecretion disorders. May be oral pills, injections, or adhesive skin patches
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| Laparoscopic adrenalectomy | removal of the adrenal gland through a small incision in the abdomen and using endoscopic instruments
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| Lobectomy | removal of a lobe from an organ. In this case, one lobe of the thyroid gland
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| Antithyroid agents | medication given to block production of thyroid hormones in patients with hypersecretion disorders
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| Corticosteroids | Hormones that regulate carbohydrate metabolism & have a strong anti-inflammatory action. Used to treat severe chronic inflammatory diseases & adrenal cortex hyposecretion disorders. Long-term use can cause osteoporosis & symptoms of Cushing's disease
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| Human growth hormone therapy | hormone replacement therapy with human growth hormone in order to stimulate skeletal growth. Used to treat children with abnormally short stature
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| Insulin | administered to replace insulin for type 1 diabetics or to treat severe type 2 diabetics
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| Oral hypoglycemic agents | medications taken by mouth that cause a decrease in blood sugar; not used for insulin-dependent patients
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| Thyroid replacement hormone | hormone replacement therapy for patients with hypothyroidism or who have had a thyroidectomy
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| Vasopressin | given to control diabetes insipidus and promote reabsorption of water in the kidney tubules
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| ACTH | adrenocorticotropin hormone
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| ADH | antidiuretic hormone
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| BMR | basal metabolic rate
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| DI | diabetes insipidus
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| DM | diabetes mellitus
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| FBS | fasting blood sugar
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| FSH | follicle-stimulating hormone
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| GH | growth hormone
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| GTT | glucose tolerance test
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| IDDM | insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
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| K+ | potassium
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| LH | luteinizing hormone
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| MSH | melanocyte-stimulating hormone
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| Na+ | sodium
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| NIDDM | non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
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| NPH | neutral protamine Hagedorn (insulin)
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| PBI | protein-bound iodine
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| PRL | prolactin
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| PTH | parathyroid hormone
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| RAI | radioactive iodine
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| RIA | radioimmunoassay
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| T3 | triiodothyronine
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| T4 | thyroxine
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| TFT | thyroid function test
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| TSH | thyroid-stimulating hormone
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