Human A&P Muscle Theory Vocabulary
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| epimysium | fibrous covering of who muscle
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| Perimysium | Fibrous covering of fascile. a fascile is a small bundle of muscle fibers covered by the perimysium.
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| Endomysium | Fibrous covering of a single muscle cell (also called a muscle fiber)
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| Sarcolemma | muscle cell membrane
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| Sarcoplasm | muscle cell cytoplasm
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| sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) ( | specialized form of smooth ER
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| Transverse tubules (T tubules) | provide a series of tunnels through the sarcoplasm that play a major role in coordinating the contraction of a muscle fiber. The transverse tubules conduct the electrical impulses.
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| Myofibrils | contraction organelle made up of bundles of thick and thin myofilaments.
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| Myosin | thick filaments are made up of the protein myosin
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| actin | thin filaments are made up of the protein actin.
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| Sarcomeres | repeating structural and functional unit of a muscle fiber.
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| Summation | addition of twitch tension when a stimulus is applied before tension has completely relaxed
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| Incomplete tetanus | tension peaks and falls repeatedly and builds up beyond twitch tension.
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| Complete tetanus | tension is steady (no relaxation phase) and largest if stimuli arrive at very high rates
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| Motor unit | a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it controls
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| recruitment | to increase muscle tension by activating more motor units
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| Muscle tone | tension in a "resting" muscle produced by a low level of spontaneous motor neuron activity
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| Muscle fatigue | when a muscle loses the ability to contract due to a low pH (lactic acid buildup), low ATP levels, or other problems
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| recovery period | time after muscle activity that it takes to restore pre- exertion conditions.
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| oxygen debt | amont of excess oxygen used during the recovery period
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| Fast fibers | large diameter, abundant myofibrils, ample glycogen, scant mitochondria. produce powerful, brief contractions
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| slow fibers | smaller diameter, rich capillary supply, many mitochondria, much myoglobin. Produce slow steady contractions
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| Myoglobin | a globular protein found in slow fibers that is similar to hemoglobin. Myoglobin binds to oxygen
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| Anaerobic endurance | time over which a muscle can contract effectively under anerobic conditions (when oxygen is not present of present in only small amounts).
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| Hypertrophy | increase in muscle bulk. can result from aerobic training
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| Z lines | Anchor for thin filaments
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| M line | extends through the Z lines to the end of the thick filament to keep both thick and thin filaments in alignment
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| A Band | areas containing thick filaments
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| I Bands | areas containing thin filaments
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| Calcium | the key that unlocks active sites and starts a muscle contraction
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| Muscle tension | the pulling force on the tendons that muscle cells generate when contracting
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| Muscle Twitch | a brief contraction-relaxation response to a single action potential (or nerve impulse)
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| Aerobic endurance | time over which a muscle can contract supported by mitochondria, which is producing ATP
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| Atrophy | a wasting away of muscles
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