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A&P Muscles Theory
Human A&P Muscle Theory Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| epimysium | fibrous covering of who muscle |
| Perimysium | Fibrous covering of fascile. a fascile is a small bundle of muscle fibers covered by the perimysium. |
| Endomysium | Fibrous covering of a single muscle cell (also called a muscle fiber) |
| Sarcolemma | muscle cell membrane |
| Sarcoplasm | muscle cell cytoplasm |
| sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) ( | specialized form of smooth ER |
| Transverse tubules (T tubules) | provide a series of tunnels through the sarcoplasm that play a major role in coordinating the contraction of a muscle fiber. The transverse tubules conduct the electrical impulses. |
| Myofibrils | contraction organelle made up of bundles of thick and thin myofilaments. |
| Myosin | thick filaments are made up of the protein myosin |
| actin | thin filaments are made up of the protein actin. |
| Sarcomeres | repeating structural and functional unit of a muscle fiber. |
| Summation | addition of twitch tension when a stimulus is applied before tension has completely relaxed |
| Incomplete tetanus | tension peaks and falls repeatedly and builds up beyond twitch tension. |
| Complete tetanus | tension is steady (no relaxation phase) and largest if stimuli arrive at very high rates |
| Motor unit | a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it controls |
| recruitment | to increase muscle tension by activating more motor units |
| Muscle tone | tension in a "resting" muscle produced by a low level of spontaneous motor neuron activity |
| Muscle fatigue | when a muscle loses the ability to contract due to a low pH (lactic acid buildup), low ATP levels, or other problems |
| recovery period | time after muscle activity that it takes to restore pre- exertion conditions. |
| oxygen debt | amont of excess oxygen used during the recovery period |
| Fast fibers | large diameter, abundant myofibrils, ample glycogen, scant mitochondria. produce powerful, brief contractions |
| slow fibers | smaller diameter, rich capillary supply, many mitochondria, much myoglobin. Produce slow steady contractions |
| Myoglobin | a globular protein found in slow fibers that is similar to hemoglobin. Myoglobin binds to oxygen |
| Anaerobic endurance | time over which a muscle can contract effectively under anerobic conditions (when oxygen is not present of present in only small amounts). |
| Hypertrophy | increase in muscle bulk. can result from aerobic training |
| Z lines | Anchor for thin filaments |
| M line | extends through the Z lines to the end of the thick filament to keep both thick and thin filaments in alignment |
| A Band | areas containing thick filaments |
| I Bands | areas containing thin filaments |
| Calcium | the key that unlocks active sites and starts a muscle contraction |
| Muscle tension | the pulling force on the tendons that muscle cells generate when contracting |
| Muscle Twitch | a brief contraction-relaxation response to a single action potential (or nerve impulse) |
| Aerobic endurance | time over which a muscle can contract supported by mitochondria, which is producing ATP |
| Atrophy | a wasting away of muscles |
Created by:
brandon_kyle10
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