Mod 4
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| cardiac output = | Heart rate/minute x mL/beat
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| stroke volume = | mL/beat or EDV - ESV
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| cardiac output | amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute average 75/minute
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| stroke volume | amount of blood pumped by each ventricle with each heartbeat average 70 mL/beat
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| end diastolic volume | amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of diastole (relaxation)
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| end stroke volume | amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of systole (contraction)
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| stroke volume = | EDV - ESV
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| How does a drop in BP affect the heart rate? | low BP Increases stroke volume (SNS)
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| How does a drop in blood volume affect the heart rate? | low blood volume Increases stroke volume (SNS)
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| How does fright affect the heart rate? | Increases stroke volume (SNS)
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| How does a crisis averted affect the heart rate? | Decreases stroke volume (PNS)
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| composed of cardiac muscle tissue | myocardium
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| visceral pericardium, simple squamous epithelium | epicardium
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| smooth inner lining of the heart, simple squamous epithelium | endocardium
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| another name for epicardium | visceral pericardium
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| form a double layer sac around the heart | visceral and fibrous pericardium
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| serous membrane of the heart (two) | visceral and parietal pericardium
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| fibrous connective tissue attached to diaphragm and base of great vessels | fibrous pericardium
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| forms pericardial cavity filled with percardial fluid acting as a lubricant during heart contraction | visceral and parietal pericardium
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| the left ventricle pumps to the systemic circulation through the | aorta
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| the right ventricle pumps pulmonary circulation through the | pulmonary trunk
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| blood returning from the systemic circulation enters the | right side
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| blood returning from the pulmonary circulation enters the | left side
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| pulmonary trunk exits this chamber | right ventricle
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| vena cavae enter this chamber | right atrium
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| tricuspid valve connects these chambers | right atrium and right ventricle
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| bicuspid valve conects these chambers | left atrium and left ventricle
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| aorta exits this chamber | left ventricle
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| pulmonary veins enter this chamber | left atrium
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| form pump for pulmonary circulation | right ventricle
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| form pump for systemic circulation | left ventricle
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| general function of valves of the heart | prevent backflow
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| where is the aortic semilunar valve | left ventricle
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| where is the pulmonary semilunar valve | right ventricle
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| how is the structure of the atrioventricular valve different from the semilunar valve | semilunar is more like a pocket
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| blood vessels supplying the heart muscle | coronary arteries
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| vein returning blood from the heart wall | coronary sinus
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| where are the coronary arteries located | coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart
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| where does blood from the coronary arteries go? | right atrium
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| cardiac muscle innervation | ANS
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| skeletal muscle innervation | SNS
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| cardiac muscle stimulus for contraction | autorhythmic neuron
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| skeletal muscle stimulus for contraction | somatic neuron
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| made of desmosomes and gap junctions | intercalated discs
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| allow muscle potentials to conduct from one muscle fiber to neighbor (no chemical neurotransmitters) | gap junction
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| holds muscle fibers together | desmosomes
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| action potential is longer/shorter for cardiac muscle than skeletal muscle | longer
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| ions involved in cardiac muscle depolarization | Na+ and Ca2+
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| what ion maintains depolarization so cardiac muscle can relax | Ca2+
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| what are 2 sources for cardiac muscle Ca2+ | ISF and SR
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| what is one source for skeletal muscle Ca+ | SR
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| tetanus can/cannot happen in cardiac muscle | cannot
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| another contraction can/can't happen until relaxation of the heart muscle | can't
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| True/False: autorhythmic fibers form a conduction system of the skeletal muscle | False
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| sinoatrial node is also known as the ________ of the heart | pacemaker
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| True/False: the pacemaker potential is spontaneous depolarization | True
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| True/False: an action potential starts in the AV node of the heart | False
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| True/False: AP - SA node - AV node - AV bundle - Bundle Branches - Purkinje fibers | True
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| what fibers surround the apex of the heart causing contraction of the ventricles | Purkinje fibers
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| what part of the conduction system serves as the pacemaker | SA node
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| what is the only electrical connection between the atrial and ventricular muscle masses | AV bundle
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| True/False: electrical conduction through the AV node is fast | Fast
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| True/False: slow conduction thru the AV node give ventricles time to finish filling before contracting | True
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| Rapid conduction of Purkinje fibers affects blood pressure and | coordination
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| any abnormality in the rhythm of the heart (too fast or too slow) is called | arrhythmia
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| phase of contraction of the heart muscle, especially the ventricles | systole
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| phase of relaxation of the heart muscle, especially the ventricles | diastole
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| True/False: during diastole, both the atria and ventricles relax | True
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| During diastole blood is flowing from the _______into the atria. | veins
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| During diastole, blood is flowing from the atria into the ______. | ventricles
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| Atrial systole is intiated by | SA node causes depolarization
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| Atrial systole is preceded by the _______ wave of the EKG. | P
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| The atria contract/relax during atrial systole. | contract
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| During atrial systole, blood flows from the ______ to the ventricles. | atria
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| Ventricular systole is preceded by the ________ wave of the EKG. | QRS
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| What is the advantage of atrial systole? more time for ventricular filling = | more efficient filling
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| this is occurs for a brief moment before the SL valves open and the AV valves are closed | isovolumetric contraction
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| this occurs for a brief moment before the AV valves open and the SL valves are closed | isovolumetric relaxation
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| AV valves close ventricular pressure is greater/lesser than atrial pressure | greater
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| SL valves close when ventricular pressure is greater/lesser than aortic pressure | lesser
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| the volume remaining in each ventricle at the end of systole, about 60 mL | ESV
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| the volume remaining in each ventricle at the end of diastole | EDV
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| the amount of blood leaving the heart during systole (SV/EDV x 100 = EF) | ejection fraction
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| diastole is known as the pumping/filling stage of the cardiac cycle | filling
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| During what event(s) are the AV valves open and SL valves closed? | ventricular diastole and atrial systole
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| At the beginning of ventricular systole, which valves open and which valves close? | SL open and AV close
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| At the beginning of atrial systole, which valves open and which valves close? | AV open and SL close
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| If you hear an abnormal first heart sound, which valves would it be? | AV valve during ventricular systole
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| In a heart murmur, valves do not completely ________. | close
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| The second heart sound is due to the _______ closing during ventricular diastole. | SL valves
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| Name this rule: The greater the stretch of the heart muscle, the greater the contraction. | Frank-Starling Law of the Heart
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| the volume of blood returning to the ventricles via the atria via the veins | venous return
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| more venous return = more blood = better ventricular filling = greater EDV | greater stroke volume
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| substances that increase or decrease contractility | inotropic effect
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| every other factor other than preload on the strength of contraction | contractility
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| the vasopressure that must be overcome before an SL valve can open | afterload
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| increased afterload equals | decreased stroke volume
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| "filling stage": proportional to EDV, the degree of stretch before the heart contracts | preload
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| The SA node does/does not require outside stimulation to initiate a heartbeat. | does not
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| Rate of SA node firing can be modified by two factors: ANS and _______. | hormones
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| SNS stimulation increases | heart rate
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| PNS stimulation decreases | heart rate
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| How does the hormone epinephrine affect heart rate? | increases frequency
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| An abnormally rapid heart rate causes less ventricular filling time, causes decreased EDV, causes | decreased SV
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| cardiac control centers are located in the ____________ of the brain | medulla oblongata
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| SNS post-ganglionic axons release the neurotransmitter | norepinephrine
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| PNS post-ganglionic axons release the neurotransmitter | acetylcholine
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| increase the firing of the SA node | SNS
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| decrease the firing of the SA node | PNS
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| PNS ______ is responsible for slowing the heart rate down | vagal tone
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| PNS is associated with the | vagus nerve
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| When SNS releases something that increases the stroke volume, it is called a | positive inotropic effect
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| PNS causes a decrease in | cardiac output
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| only blood vessel layer of capillary walls, direct contact with lumen, simple squamous epithelium | tunica intima
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| tunica intima AKA | endothelium
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| blood vessel layer contains smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue | tunica media
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| blood vessel layer consists of fibrous connective tissue | tunica externa
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| smallest artery; greatest proportion of smooth muscle; "resistance vessels" | arterioles
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| vessels with intercellular clefts for exchange between plasma & ISF | capillaries
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| vessels with valves that act as a "volume reservoir" for blood | veins
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| capillaries consist of simple __________ epithelium | squamous
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| arterioles are/are not capable of significant vasoconstriction and vasodilation | are
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| smallest vein | venule
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| most capillaries plasma membranes of ________ cells that form a continuous tube | epithelial
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| capillaries with small pores in the plasma membrane | fenestrated
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| wide & winding capillaries containing specialized lining cells & intercellular clefts | sinusoids
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| hydrostatic (fluid) pressure exerting blood on the walls of a blood vessel | blood pressure
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| The driving ____ for blood flow is BP generated by contracting ventricles & maintained by stretch & recoil of artery walls. | force
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| blood pressure refers to the BP in arteries in _________ circulation | systemic
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| blood pressure increases, ________ increases | blood flow
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| Blood flow is driven by the blood pressure gradient, but it is opposed by | vascular resistance
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| The force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular contraction is | systolic blood pressure
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| The force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular relaxation is | diastolic blood pressure
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| The average BP in the arteries | MAP
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| MAP | mean arterial blood pressure
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| the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure | pulse pressure
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| a traveling pressure wave of alternating expansion & recoil of elastic arteries | pulse
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| 2 factors to vascular resistance: vessel lumen diameter and vessel ________ | length
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| 2 factors to peripheral resistance: vascular resistance and blood ________ | viscosity
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| most important variable of peripheral resistance | diameter of lumen
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| diameter of lumen of arterioles is the most/least significant factor of PR | most
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| widening of vessel diameter due to smooth muscle relaxation | vasodilation
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| narrowing of vessel diameter due to smooth muscle contraction | vasocontraction
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| Systemic changes are ________ body changes. | whole
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| Systemic blood pressure is generally regulated by: | SNS & hormones
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| Changes in arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters supplying a specific tissue regulates flow to individual capillary beds. | autoregulation
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| Autoregulation is regulated by local ________ factors. | metabolic
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| Arteriole diameter is regulated by the ________ nervous system. | sympathetic
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| Arterioles are slightly constricted constantly by constant discharge of the sympathetic nervous system. | vasomotortone
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| center in the medulla oblongata which regulates vasoconstriction and vasodilation | vasomotor
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| in medulla oblongata: vasomotor, cardioaccelerator, & cardioinhibitory centers make up the | cardiovascular center
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| Autoregulation is influenced by local metabolic factors and | heat
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| ephinephrine dilates | coronary vessels
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| norepinephrine causes/prevents vasoconstriction | causes
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| which blood components cannot normally exit capillaries? | proteins & RBC's
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| 4 structures of capillaries promote ISF/plasma exchange: thin membranes, endothelial cells, pinocytic cells, and | intercellular clefts
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| movement of dissolved molecules in response to concentration gradient | diffusion
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| molecules that diffuse across capillary walls include, CO2, glucose, some hormones and | O2
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| large lipids & lipid soluble molecules transfer to capillaries via pinocytic vescicles called | transcytosis
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| movement of water and small molecules in response to a pressure gradient is called | bulk flow
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| bulk flow is an important factor in maintaining the balance of ___ in blood & ISF | water
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| bulk flow occurs by filtration and | reabsorption
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| Direction of bulk flow across capillary walls is determined by _____ across the wall. | net pressure gradient
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| Blood hydrostatic pressure within the capillary favors flow _____ of the capillary. | out
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| Blood colloidal osmotic pressure or osmotic draw favors flow into/out of the capillary. | into
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| Blood is hypertonic/hypotonic to the ISF because of proteins | hypertonic
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| water travels to the greater concentration of solute due to | osmosis
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| hydrostatic pressure causing fluid flow in & osmotic pressure causing fluid flow out of capillaries is also known as | Starling's law of the capillaries
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| lower than normal concentration of plasma proteins leads to increased ISF & decreased | blood volume
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| increased capillary pressure due to poor venous return leads to increased ISF & | decreased BV
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| blockage of lymphatic circulation leads to lower blood volume and higher | ISF
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| structure that prevents backflow of blood within most veins | venous valve
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| contraction of skeletal muscle compresses the vein slowing and reducing venous | return
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| venodilation increases | venous return
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| venoconstriction decreases _________ return | venous
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| Mean Arteriole Pressure equals Cardiac Output times ________. | Peripheral Resistance
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| Either Cardiac Output or Peripheral Resistance or both homeostatically regulate | arterial blood pressure
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| Homeostatic regulation of arterial pressure is accomplished through the | baroreceptor reflex
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| baroreceptor reflex receptors detect stretch in the walls of the aortic arch and | carotid sinus
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| the integration center for the baroreceptor reflex is located in | the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata
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| The efferent pathway for the baroreceptor reflex if along the ANS and | motor neurons.
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| The effectors for this reflex are the myocardium and _______ of arterioles & veins. | smooth muscle
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| Arterioles dilate to correct ______ blood pressure. | high
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| Heart rate increases to correct _______ blood pressure. | low
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| _________ resistance increases to correct blood pressure. | Peripheral
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| Stroke ________ decreases to correct high blood pressure. | volume
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| Veins constrict/dilate to correct low blood pressure. | constrict
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| Cardiac _____ decreases to correct high blood pressure. | output
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