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A&P II: Heart&Blood
Mod 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cardiac output = | Heart rate/minute x mL/beat |
| stroke volume = | mL/beat or EDV - ESV |
| cardiac output | amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute average 75/minute |
| stroke volume | amount of blood pumped by each ventricle with each heartbeat average 70 mL/beat |
| end diastolic volume | amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of diastole (relaxation) |
| end stroke volume | amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of systole (contraction) |
| stroke volume = | EDV - ESV |
| How does a drop in BP affect the heart rate? | low BP Increases stroke volume (SNS) |
| How does a drop in blood volume affect the heart rate? | low blood volume Increases stroke volume (SNS) |
| How does fright affect the heart rate? | Increases stroke volume (SNS) |
| How does a crisis averted affect the heart rate? | Decreases stroke volume (PNS) |
| composed of cardiac muscle tissue | myocardium |
| visceral pericardium, simple squamous epithelium | epicardium |
| smooth inner lining of the heart, simple squamous epithelium | endocardium |
| another name for epicardium | visceral pericardium |
| form a double layer sac around the heart | visceral and fibrous pericardium |
| serous membrane of the heart (two) | visceral and parietal pericardium |
| fibrous connective tissue attached to diaphragm and base of great vessels | fibrous pericardium |
| forms pericardial cavity filled with percardial fluid acting as a lubricant during heart contraction | visceral and parietal pericardium |
| the left ventricle pumps to the systemic circulation through the | aorta |
| the right ventricle pumps pulmonary circulation through the | pulmonary trunk |
| blood returning from the systemic circulation enters the | right side |
| blood returning from the pulmonary circulation enters the | left side |
| pulmonary trunk exits this chamber | right ventricle |
| vena cavae enter this chamber | right atrium |
| tricuspid valve connects these chambers | right atrium and right ventricle |
| bicuspid valve conects these chambers | left atrium and left ventricle |
| aorta exits this chamber | left ventricle |
| pulmonary veins enter this chamber | left atrium |
| form pump for pulmonary circulation | right ventricle |
| form pump for systemic circulation | left ventricle |
| general function of valves of the heart | prevent backflow |
| where is the aortic semilunar valve | left ventricle |
| where is the pulmonary semilunar valve | right ventricle |
| how is the structure of the atrioventricular valve different from the semilunar valve | semilunar is more like a pocket |
| blood vessels supplying the heart muscle | coronary arteries |
| vein returning blood from the heart wall | coronary sinus |
| where are the coronary arteries located | coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart |
| where does blood from the coronary arteries go? | right atrium |
| cardiac muscle innervation | ANS |
| skeletal muscle innervation | SNS |
| cardiac muscle stimulus for contraction | autorhythmic neuron |
| skeletal muscle stimulus for contraction | somatic neuron |
| made of desmosomes and gap junctions | intercalated discs |
| allow muscle potentials to conduct from one muscle fiber to neighbor (no chemical neurotransmitters) | gap junction |
| holds muscle fibers together | desmosomes |
| action potential is longer/shorter for cardiac muscle than skeletal muscle | longer |
| ions involved in cardiac muscle depolarization | Na+ and Ca2+ |
| what ion maintains depolarization so cardiac muscle can relax | Ca2+ |
| what are 2 sources for cardiac muscle Ca2+ | ISF and SR |
| what is one source for skeletal muscle Ca+ | SR |
| tetanus can/cannot happen in cardiac muscle | cannot |
| another contraction can/can't happen until relaxation of the heart muscle | can't |
| True/False: autorhythmic fibers form a conduction system of the skeletal muscle | False |
| sinoatrial node is also known as the ________ of the heart | pacemaker |
| True/False: the pacemaker potential is spontaneous depolarization | True |
| True/False: an action potential starts in the AV node of the heart | False |
| True/False: AP - SA node - AV node - AV bundle - Bundle Branches - Purkinje fibers | True |
| what fibers surround the apex of the heart causing contraction of the ventricles | Purkinje fibers |
| what part of the conduction system serves as the pacemaker | SA node |
| what is the only electrical connection between the atrial and ventricular muscle masses | AV bundle |
| True/False: electrical conduction through the AV node is fast | Fast |
| True/False: slow conduction thru the AV node give ventricles time to finish filling before contracting | True |
| Rapid conduction of Purkinje fibers affects blood pressure and | coordination |
| any abnormality in the rhythm of the heart (too fast or too slow) is called | arrhythmia |
| phase of contraction of the heart muscle, especially the ventricles | systole |
| phase of relaxation of the heart muscle, especially the ventricles | diastole |
| True/False: during diastole, both the atria and ventricles relax | True |
| During diastole blood is flowing from the _______into the atria. | veins |
| During diastole, blood is flowing from the atria into the ______. | ventricles |
| Atrial systole is intiated by | SA node causes depolarization |
| Atrial systole is preceded by the _______ wave of the EKG. | P |
| The atria contract/relax during atrial systole. | contract |
| During atrial systole, blood flows from the ______ to the ventricles. | atria |
| Ventricular systole is preceded by the ________ wave of the EKG. | QRS |
| What is the advantage of atrial systole? more time for ventricular filling = | more efficient filling |
| this is occurs for a brief moment before the SL valves open and the AV valves are closed | isovolumetric contraction |
| this occurs for a brief moment before the AV valves open and the SL valves are closed | isovolumetric relaxation |
| AV valves close ventricular pressure is greater/lesser than atrial pressure | greater |
| SL valves close when ventricular pressure is greater/lesser than aortic pressure | lesser |
| the volume remaining in each ventricle at the end of systole, about 60 mL | ESV |
| the volume remaining in each ventricle at the end of diastole | EDV |
| the amount of blood leaving the heart during systole (SV/EDV x 100 = EF) | ejection fraction |
| diastole is known as the pumping/filling stage of the cardiac cycle | filling |
| During what event(s) are the AV valves open and SL valves closed? | ventricular diastole and atrial systole |
| At the beginning of ventricular systole, which valves open and which valves close? | SL open and AV close |
| At the beginning of atrial systole, which valves open and which valves close? | AV open and SL close |
| If you hear an abnormal first heart sound, which valves would it be? | AV valve during ventricular systole |
| In a heart murmur, valves do not completely ________. | close |
| The second heart sound is due to the _______ closing during ventricular diastole. | SL valves |
| Name this rule: The greater the stretch of the heart muscle, the greater the contraction. | Frank-Starling Law of the Heart |
| the volume of blood returning to the ventricles via the atria via the veins | venous return |
| more venous return = more blood = better ventricular filling = greater EDV | greater stroke volume |
| substances that increase or decrease contractility | inotropic effect |
| every other factor other than preload on the strength of contraction | contractility |
| the vasopressure that must be overcome before an SL valve can open | afterload |
| increased afterload equals | decreased stroke volume |
| "filling stage": proportional to EDV, the degree of stretch before the heart contracts | preload |
| The SA node does/does not require outside stimulation to initiate a heartbeat. | does not |
| Rate of SA node firing can be modified by two factors: ANS and _______. | hormones |
| SNS stimulation increases | heart rate |
| PNS stimulation decreases | heart rate |
| How does the hormone epinephrine affect heart rate? | increases frequency |
| An abnormally rapid heart rate causes less ventricular filling time, causes decreased EDV, causes | decreased SV |
| cardiac control centers are located in the ____________ of the brain | medulla oblongata |
| SNS post-ganglionic axons release the neurotransmitter | norepinephrine |
| PNS post-ganglionic axons release the neurotransmitter | acetylcholine |
| increase the firing of the SA node | SNS |
| decrease the firing of the SA node | PNS |
| PNS ______ is responsible for slowing the heart rate down | vagal tone |
| PNS is associated with the | vagus nerve |
| When SNS releases something that increases the stroke volume, it is called a | positive inotropic effect |
| PNS causes a decrease in | cardiac output |
| only blood vessel layer of capillary walls, direct contact with lumen, simple squamous epithelium | tunica intima |
| tunica intima AKA | endothelium |
| blood vessel layer contains smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue | tunica media |
| blood vessel layer consists of fibrous connective tissue | tunica externa |
| smallest artery; greatest proportion of smooth muscle; "resistance vessels" | arterioles |
| vessels with intercellular clefts for exchange between plasma & ISF | capillaries |
| vessels with valves that act as a "volume reservoir" for blood | veins |
| capillaries consist of simple __________ epithelium | squamous |
| arterioles are/are not capable of significant vasoconstriction and vasodilation | are |
| smallest vein | venule |
| most capillaries plasma membranes of ________ cells that form a continuous tube | epithelial |
| capillaries with small pores in the plasma membrane | fenestrated |
| wide & winding capillaries containing specialized lining cells & intercellular clefts | sinusoids |
| hydrostatic (fluid) pressure exerting blood on the walls of a blood vessel | blood pressure |
| The driving ____ for blood flow is BP generated by contracting ventricles & maintained by stretch & recoil of artery walls. | force |
| blood pressure refers to the BP in arteries in _________ circulation | systemic |
| blood pressure increases, ________ increases | blood flow |
| Blood flow is driven by the blood pressure gradient, but it is opposed by | vascular resistance |
| The force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular contraction is | systolic blood pressure |
| The force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular relaxation is | diastolic blood pressure |
| The average BP in the arteries | MAP |
| MAP | mean arterial blood pressure |
| the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure | pulse pressure |
| a traveling pressure wave of alternating expansion & recoil of elastic arteries | pulse |
| 2 factors to vascular resistance: vessel lumen diameter and vessel ________ | length |
| 2 factors to peripheral resistance: vascular resistance and blood ________ | viscosity |
| most important variable of peripheral resistance | diameter of lumen |
| diameter of lumen of arterioles is the most/least significant factor of PR | most |
| widening of vessel diameter due to smooth muscle relaxation | vasodilation |
| narrowing of vessel diameter due to smooth muscle contraction | vasocontraction |
| Systemic changes are ________ body changes. | whole |
| Systemic blood pressure is generally regulated by: | SNS & hormones |
| Changes in arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters supplying a specific tissue regulates flow to individual capillary beds. | autoregulation |
| Autoregulation is regulated by local ________ factors. | metabolic |
| Arteriole diameter is regulated by the ________ nervous system. | sympathetic |
| Arterioles are slightly constricted constantly by constant discharge of the sympathetic nervous system. | vasomotortone |
| center in the medulla oblongata which regulates vasoconstriction and vasodilation | vasomotor |
| in medulla oblongata: vasomotor, cardioaccelerator, & cardioinhibitory centers make up the | cardiovascular center |
| Autoregulation is influenced by local metabolic factors and | heat |
| ephinephrine dilates | coronary vessels |
| norepinephrine causes/prevents vasoconstriction | causes |
| which blood components cannot normally exit capillaries? | proteins & RBC's |
| 4 structures of capillaries promote ISF/plasma exchange: thin membranes, endothelial cells, pinocytic cells, and | intercellular clefts |
| movement of dissolved molecules in response to concentration gradient | diffusion |
| molecules that diffuse across capillary walls include, CO2, glucose, some hormones and | O2 |
| large lipids & lipid soluble molecules transfer to capillaries via pinocytic vescicles called | transcytosis |
| movement of water and small molecules in response to a pressure gradient is called | bulk flow |
| bulk flow is an important factor in maintaining the balance of ___ in blood & ISF | water |
| bulk flow occurs by filtration and | reabsorption |
| Direction of bulk flow across capillary walls is determined by _____ across the wall. | net pressure gradient |
| Blood hydrostatic pressure within the capillary favors flow _____ of the capillary. | out |
| Blood colloidal osmotic pressure or osmotic draw favors flow into/out of the capillary. | into |
| Blood is hypertonic/hypotonic to the ISF because of proteins | hypertonic |
| water travels to the greater concentration of solute due to | osmosis |
| hydrostatic pressure causing fluid flow in & osmotic pressure causing fluid flow out of capillaries is also known as | Starling's law of the capillaries |
| lower than normal concentration of plasma proteins leads to increased ISF & decreased | blood volume |
| increased capillary pressure due to poor venous return leads to increased ISF & | decreased BV |
| blockage of lymphatic circulation leads to lower blood volume and higher | ISF |
| structure that prevents backflow of blood within most veins | venous valve |
| contraction of skeletal muscle compresses the vein slowing and reducing venous | return |
| venodilation increases | venous return |
| venoconstriction decreases _________ return | venous |
| Mean Arteriole Pressure equals Cardiac Output times ________. | Peripheral Resistance |
| Either Cardiac Output or Peripheral Resistance or both homeostatically regulate | arterial blood pressure |
| Homeostatic regulation of arterial pressure is accomplished through the | baroreceptor reflex |
| baroreceptor reflex receptors detect stretch in the walls of the aortic arch and | carotid sinus |
| the integration center for the baroreceptor reflex is located in | the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata |
| The efferent pathway for the baroreceptor reflex if along the ANS and | motor neurons. |
| The effectors for this reflex are the myocardium and _______ of arterioles & veins. | smooth muscle |
| Arterioles dilate to correct ______ blood pressure. | high |
| Heart rate increases to correct _______ blood pressure. | low |
| _________ resistance increases to correct blood pressure. | Peripheral |
| Stroke ________ decreases to correct high blood pressure. | volume |
| Veins constrict/dilate to correct low blood pressure. | constrict |
| Cardiac _____ decreases to correct high blood pressure. | output |
Created by:
MKC
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