Nervous System Ch.8
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| afferent nerves | transmitters of nerve impulses toward the CNS: sensory nerves
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| agraphia | inability to convert ones thoughts into writing
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| alexia | inability to understand written words
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| analgesia | without sensitivity to pain
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| anesthesia | without feeling or sensation
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| aneurysm | localized dilatation in the wall of an artery expanding with each pulsation
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| aphasia | inability to communicate through speech, writing, or signs because of an injury/disease in areas of the brain
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| apraxia | inability to perform coordinated movements or use objects properly
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| ataxia | without muscular coordination
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| aura | sensation you experience to onset of a migraine headache or an epileptic sizure
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| autonomic nervous system | regulates the involuntary vital functions of the body. two divisions: SNS & PNS
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| axon | part of nerve cell that transports nerve impulses away from nerve cell body
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| bradykinesia | abnormally slow movement
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| brain stem | stemlike portion of the brain connecting cerebral hemisphere w/ spinal cord. medulla oblongata
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| brudzinski's sign | positive sign of meningitis
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| burr hole | hole drilled into the skull using a form of drill
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| cell body | part of the cell that contains the nucleus & cytoplasm
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| central nervous system | two main divisions of the nervous system, consist of brain & spinal cord
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| cephalalgia | headache
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| cerebellum | part of the brain responsible for coordinating voluntary muscular movement
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| cerebral concussion | interruption of brain function, w/ loss of consciousness last for a few seconds
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| cerebral contusion | small scattered venous hemorrhages in the brain "bruise". occurs when brain strikes the inner skull
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| cerebrospinal fluid | fluid flowing through the brain & around the spinal cord, protecting from physical blow or impact
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| cerebrum | largest & uppermost part of the brain
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| coma | deep sleep in which the individual cannot be aroused and does not respond to external stimuli
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| craniotomy | surgical incision into the cranium or skull
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| deficit | deficiency or variation of the normal
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| dementia | progressive irreversible mental disorder
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| demyelination | destruction or removal of the myelin sheath that covers a nerve or nerve fiber
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| dysphasia | difficult speech
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| efferent nerves | transmitters of nerve impulses away from the CNS- motor nerves
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| hemiplegia | paralysis of one half of the body
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| herpes zoster | shingles
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| hyperesthesia | excessive sensitivity to sensory stimuli. pain or touch
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| interneurons | connecting neurons that conduct impulses from afferent nerves to or toward motor nerves
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| lethargy | state of being sluggish
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| medulla oblongata | most essential part of the brain, contains cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory centers
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| meninges | three layers of protective membranes that surround the brain & spinal cord
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| myelin sheath | protective sheath that covers the axons of many nerves in the body.
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| narcolepsy | uncontrolled, sudden attacks of sleep
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| nerve | cordlike bundle of nerve fibers. transmits impulses to & from the brain & spinal cord
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| nerve block | injection of local anesthetic to eliminate sensation along nerves
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| neuralgia | severe, sharp, spasmlike pain extends along the course of one or more nerves
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| neuritis | inflammation of a nerve
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| neuroglia | supporting tissue of the nervous system
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| neurologist | physician who specialized in treating the disease & disorders of the nervous system
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| neurology | study of the nervous system & its disorders
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| neuron | nerve cell
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| neurosurgeon | physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system
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| neurosurgery | surgery involving the nervous system
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| neurotransmitter | chemical substance within the body that activates or inhibits the transmission of nerve impulses at synapses
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| nuchal rigidity | rigidity of the neck
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| occlusion | blockage
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| oligodendrocyte | neuroglial cell found in the interstitial tissue of the nervous system
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| palliative | soothing
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| paraplegia | paralysis of the lower extremities & trunk, usually due to spinal cord injury
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| parasympathetic nerves | nerves of the ANS that regulate essential involuntary body functions: slowing heart rate
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| paresthesia | sensation of numbness or tingling
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| peripheral nervous system | part of the nervous system outside the CNS, 12 pairs of cranial nerves & 31 pairs of spinal nerves
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| pineal body | small cone-shaped structure: pineal gland
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| plexus | network of interwoven nerves
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| quadriplegia | paralysis of all four extremities & the trunk of the body. injury to the spinal cord
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| receptor | sensory nerve ending
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| sciatica | inflammation of the sciatic nerve
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| sensory | pertaining to sensation
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| sensory nerves | transmitters of nerve impulses toward the CNS; afferent nerves
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| somatic nervous system | part of the PNS that provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle contractions
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| stupor | state of lethargy
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| subarachnoid space | space located just under the arachnoid membrane that contains CSF
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| sympathetic nerves | nerves of the ANS that regulate essential involuntary body functions: increasing heart rate, constricting blood vessels
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| synapse | space between the end of one nerve and the beginning of another, nerve impulses are transmitted
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| syncope | fainting
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| thalamus | part of the brain located between the cerebral hemispheres & the midbrain
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| thrombosis | abnormal condition in which a clot develops in a blood vessel
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| ventricle, brain | small hollow within the brain that is filled w/ cerebrospinal fluid
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| whiplash | injury to the cervical vertebrae & their supporting structures due to sudden back & forth jerking movement of head & neck
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| Alzheimer's Disease | deterioration of a persons intellectual functioning. progressive & extremely debilitating
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| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | severe weakening & wasting of the involved muscle groups
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| Anencephaly | absence of the brain & spinal cord at birth; congenital disorder
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| Bell's Palsy | temporary or permanent unilateral weakness or paralysis of the muscles in the face
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| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | pinching or compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel
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| Cerebral Concussion | brief interruption of brain function, usually with a loss of consciousness lasting for a few seconds
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| Cerebral contusion | small, scattered venous hemorrhage in the brain "bruise"
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| Cerebral Palsy | congenital brain damage that is permanent but not progressive
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| Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) | death of a specific portion of brain tissue; stroke
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| Degenerative Disk | deterioration of the intervertebral disk
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| Encephalitis | inflammation of the brain or spinal cord tissue largely caused by a virus
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| Epilepsy | excessive irregular electrical activity of the brain resulting in involuntary muscle movements called seizures
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| Grand mal Seizure | epileptic seizure, sudden loss of consciousness & by generalized involuntary muscular contraction
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| Petit mal Seizure | small seizures in which there is a sudden temporary loss of consciousness; absence seizures
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| Guillain-Barre Syndrome | acute polyneuritis (inflammation of many nerves), myelin sheaths on the axons are destroyed
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| migraine headache | recurring, pulsating, vascular headache usually develops on one side of the head
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| cluster headache | typically two to three hours after falling asleep, extreme pain around one eye
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| tension headache | long, endured contraction of the skeletal muscles around face, scalp, upper back, & neck
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| hematoma, subdural | collection of blood below the dura mater & above the arachnoid layer of the meninges
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| herniated disk | rupture or herniation of the disk center, causes pressure on spinal cord or nerve roots
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| Huntington's Chorea | inherited neurological disease
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| hydrocephalus | abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain that causes the ventricles of the brain to dilate; congenital disorder
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| meningitis (acute bacterial) | serious bacterial infection of the meninges
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| multiple sclerosis (MS) | degenerative inflammatory disease of the CNS attacking the myelin sheath in the spinal cord & brain
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| neuroblastoma | highly malignant tumor of the sympathetic nervous system
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| Parkinson's Disease | degenerative, slowly progressive deterioration of nerves in the brain stems motor system
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| Reye's Syndrome | acute brain encephalopahty along with fatty infiltration of the internal organs that may follow acute viral infections: occurs in children between 5 & 11
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| shingles | herpes zoster
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| cerebral angiography | visualization of the cerebral vascular system via X-ray
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| CT scan of the brain | Computed tomography: analysis of three-dimensional view of brain tissue obtained as X-ray beams pass through successive horizontal layers of the brain (computerized axial tomography CAT scan)
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| electroencephalography | measurement of electrical activity produced by the brain & recorded through electrodes
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| lumbar puncture | insertion of a hollow needle & stylet into the subarachnoid space. between the 3rd & 4th lumbar vertebrae
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | noninvasive scanning procedure that provides visualization of fluid, soft tissue & bony structures without use of radiation
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| neurectomy | neurosurgical procedure to relieve pain in a localized or small area by incision of cranial or peripheral nerves
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| positron emission tomography (PET scan) | computerized radiographic images of various body structures when radioactive substances are inhaled or injected
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| Romberg test | used to evaluate cerebellar function & balance
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| transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) | cutaneous stimulation for pain relief that supplies electrical impulses to the nerve endings of a nerve close to the pain site.
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