Blood
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| functions of blood/ cardiovascular system | TRANSPORT (O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and cells)
PROTECTION (inflammation, limits spread of infection, destroys harmful cells, neutralizes toxins, clotting)
REGULATION (fluid balance, stabilizes pH of ECF, and temperature control)
🗑
|
||||
| blood composed of.... | PLASMA (serum & fibers), containing FORMED ELEMENTS: erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), platelets
🗑
|
||||
| hematocrit | centrifuge blood to separate components
🗑
|
||||
| proportions of formed elements & plasma in blood | erythrocytes settle to bottom (densest): 45%; buffy coat= platelets & white blood cells: 1%; plasma= 55%
🗑
|
||||
| 3 major categories of plasma proteins are.... & roles of blood proteins | fibrinogen, albumin, globulin; roles in clotting, defense, transport of solutes
🗑
|
||||
| fibrinogen | precursor of fibrin threads that help form BLOOD CLOTS
formed by liver
🗑
|
||||
| albumin | smallest and most abundant
contributes to viscosity and osmolarity, influences blood pressure, flow and fluid balance
formed by liver
🗑
|
||||
| globulin | antibodies: provide immune system functions
formed by lymphocytes
🗑
|
||||
| viscosity | thickness, resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from cohesion of its particles; blood 4.5- 5.5x thicker than water
🗑
|
||||
| blood osmolarity | total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall; too HIGH --> blood absorbs too much water from other ECF; too LOW --> too much water retention in tissues: edema
🗑
|
||||
| Hypoproteinemia | deficiency of plasma proteins: dilute blood, not enough blood solutes;
liver or kidney disease
severe burns
extreme starvation
🗑
|
||||
| Kwashiorkor | A form of severe malnutrition
protein deficiency affects movements of bodily fluids
swollen abdomen from fluid accumulation in abdominal cavity
🗑
|
||||
| Hemopoiesis | = production of blood
🗑
|
||||
| Hemopoietic tissue | 1. yolk sac; liver, spleen, thymus; red bone marrow (by childhood, produce all formed elements): pluripotent stem cells= in red bone marrow, can make all blood cells
🗑
|
||||
| Erythrocytes main function | carry OXYGEN from lungs --> cell tissues; carry CARBON DIOXIDE from cell tissues --> lungs
🗑
|
||||
| erythrocytes composed of.... | 33% hemoglobin (in cytoplasm), cytoskeleton proteins (membrane durability & resilience), carbonic anhydrase (produces CARBONIC ACID from water & CO2, gas transport & pH balance)
🗑
|
||||
| hemoglobin structure | 4 protein chains – globins & 4 heme groups
🗑
|
||||
| globins | 4 protein chains: 2 alpha, 2 beta chains; 5% CO2 in blood bound to globin; exceptions: Fetal (gamma) Hb replaces beta;
Delta Hb replaces beta in small % of adult Hb molecules
🗑
|
||||
| heme | nonprotein; binds O2 to ferrous ion (Fe2+) @ its center
🗑
|
||||
| iron metabolism summary | ingest iron --> picked up from diet by blood --> transferred to liver--> binds to transferrin --> stores some of iron; LIVER gets out all iron for blood
🗑
|
||||
| erythrocyte production | pluripotent stem cell -->erythrocyte colony-forming unit --> erythroblast --> reticulocyte --> erythrocyte (mature cell)
🗑
|
||||
| erythrocyte homeostasis: negative feedback | stimulus for increasing erythropoeisis= low O2 (hypoxia/hypoxemia): high altitude
increase in exercise
loss of lung tissue in emphysema
loss of blood
🗑
|
||||
| Erythrocytes Death, & Disposal | Worn RBCs lyse in spleen (spleen DETECTS worn out cells);
Macrophages digest cell debris; hemoglobin degraded --> heme (--> biliverdin & iron), globin
🗑
|
||||
| erythrocyte disorder: Polycythemia | EXCESS of RBCs; may caused by cancer, dehydration, high altitude, or physical conditioning; results: ↑blood volume, ↑pressure, ↑viscosity
🗑
|
||||
| erythrocyte disorder: Anemia causes | DEFICIENCY of RBC; from inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis, hemorrhagic anemias from bleeding, hemolytic anemias: RBC destruction
🗑
|
||||
| erythrocyte disorder: Anemia consequences | tissue hypoxia and necrosis
↓ blood osmolarity, producing tissue edema
↓viscosity
🗑
|
||||
| erythrocyte disorder: specific anemias | Iron deficiency anemia,
Pernicious anemia (B12 deficiency),
Hypoplastic/aplastic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| sickle-cell disorder | Cells sickle under ↓O2 conditions,
Sickled cells agglutinate (cytoskeleton changes shape)
🗑
|
||||
| Leukocytes=..... functions..... | WHITE BLOOD CELLS: Least abundant formed element; Protect against pathogens, Spend time in blood and connective tissue
🗑
|
||||
| granules | =lysosome called nonspecific (azurophilic) granules in all WBC; granulocytes have specific granules w/ enzymes/ chemicals employed in defense against pathogens
🗑
|
||||
| types of granulocytes | neutrophils, Eosinophils, basophils
🗑
|
||||
| neutrophils | Most Abundant
Phagocytic, destroy bacteria
🗑
|
||||
| eosinophils | Respond to Parasitic worms and allergens
🗑
|
||||
| basophils | Release -
Histamine (vasodilator, inflammation)
Heparin (anit-coagulent)
🗑
|
||||
| agranulocytes include..... | lymphocytes and monocytes
🗑
|
||||
| lymphocytes | destroy cells beyond repair (cancer, foreign, virally infected), secrete antibodies --> immune memory, "present" antigens to activate other immune cells
🗑
|
||||
| monocytes | increased # in viral infections and inflammation; = MACROPHAGES after leaving blood; phagocytize pathogens and debris
“present” antigens to activate other immune cells
🗑
|
||||
| leukocyte disorders: leukopenia | low WBC count ; causes: radiation, poisons, infectious disease
consequences: elevated risk of infection
🗑
|
||||
| leukocyte disorders: Leukocytosis | high WBC count; causes: infection, allergy
differential WBC count – identifies what percentage of the total WBC count consist of each type of leukocyte
🗑
|
||||
| leukocyte disorders: Leukemia | cancer of hemopoietic tissue: high level of WBC, but stem cells wear out, level drops;
myeloid leukemia – ↑granulocyte production
lymphoid leukemia - ↑lymphocyte or monocyte production
🗑
|
||||
| platelets | SMALL fragments of megakaryocyte cells
complex internal structure
amoeboid movement and phagocytosis
🗑
|
||||
| platelet functions | Limit blood loss (secrete vasoconstrictors- constrict blood vessels, Participate in hemostasis), Combat infection (phagocytize and destroy bacteria, attract neutrophils and monocytes)
🗑
|
||||
| hemostasis; mechanisms | the stopping of bleeding: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting (coagulation)
🗑
|
||||
| Hemostasis: blood clotting | Conversion of FIBRINOGEN into FIBRIN (via enzyme THROMBIN);
activate one procoagulant (series of enzymes) and it will activate the next to form a reaction cascade
🗑
|
||||
| Hemostasis: extrinsic pathway | factors released by DAMAGED TISSUES begin cascade
🗑
|
||||
| Hemostasis: intrinsic pathway | factors found IN BLOOD (platelet degranulation) begin cascade
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
kpan
Popular Anatomy sets