Cardiovascular2 MIT
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| What is the daily output of the human heart ? | 7000 L
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| What is the mass of the heart? | 300g
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| What percentage of the 5L of blood is in the pulmonary circuit? | 9%
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| What percentage of the 5L of blood will be in the systemic circuit? | 84%
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| What is the peak pressure in the Right Atrium? | 2-5mmHg
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| What is the peak pressure in the Right Ventricle? | 5-25mmHg
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| What is the peak pressure in the Left Atrium? | 5-8mmHg
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| What is the peak pressure in the Left Ventricle? | 8-120mmHg
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| What is the function of the auricle? | Increases volume in the atrium
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| Which of the capillary systems in the systemic circuit has portal veins? | Gut -> Liver has Hepatic Portal veins
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| The Auricle has a smooth interior. True or false? | False, it is the Atria that are smooth
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| In the anterior view, which is more posterior? The pulmonary trunk or the aorta | Aorta
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| What is the largest vein in the body | Vena Cava
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| What is the largest artery in the body | Aorta
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| Wall thickness ratio in the ventricles | 3:1
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| Peak pressure ratio in the ventricles | 5:1
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| What closes the Ventricular outlet valves? | The pressure of blood trying to reenter the ventricle.
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| In what anatomical position is the apex of the heart? | Inferior and anteriorally to the left
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| 2/3 of the heart is on the left/right side | Left
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| What forms the right border of the heart? | Right ATRIUM
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| What forms the inferior border of the heart? | Right ventricle
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| What forms the left border of the heart? | Left Ventricle
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| What is the pericardium | A "Double walled bag"
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| What does the parietal pericardium line? | fibrous pericardium
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| What are the walls of the pericardium comprised of? | Squamous mesothelial cells
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| What is inside the pericardial space and what is its purpose? | A thin film of fluid in the pericardium space allows the visceral and parietal pericardium to slide without friction as the heart beats
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| Infarction | Death of tissue (lack of oxygen)
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| Both Myocytes and Purkinje fibres contract. True or False? | False. Only Myocytes contract. Purkinjke fibres are part of the conduction system of the heart.
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| Why is there only a small rise in atrial pressure? | 1) Atrial muscle layer is thin
2) There are no valves where the pulmonary vein enter so there is nothing to prevent backflow
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| Tunica interna has 3 layers | Endothelium, Basement membrane, Internal elastic lamina
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| What is the name of the muscular layer in a blood vessel containing smooth muscle and elastic fibres? | Tunica Media
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| What is the role of smooth muscle fibres in the tunica media? | To regulate the size of the lumen
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| What 2 layers does an Artery have that is not present in the vein? | Internal and External elastic Lamina
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| Vasospasm | Limits blood flow and thus reduces blood loss when the vessel is damaged.
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| Elastic Arteries primary function | Propel blood onward while the ventricles are relaxing. This is done using the elastic recoil. They smooth the pulsatile flow of blood leaving the ventricles.
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| In Muscular arteries, smooth muscle is approximately __/__ of the total mass, making the walls very ______ | 3/4 of the total mass
Thick
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| Muscular arteries have as many as ___ layers of smoothmuscle compared to smaller arteries who have less than 3 | 40
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| Which of the arteries are good at directing blood flow? | Muscular arteries
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| Arteriole primary function is? | The control of blood flow into capillary beds
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| Which of the vessels have the largest tunica media relative to their size? | Arterioles
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| Capillary function | Thin walls (Single layer of epithelium) which enable exchange of gases, nutrients and wastes.Leaky.
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| What is NOT present in capillaries? | Smooth muscle and connective tissue
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| White blood cells are not really 'blood cells'. What kind of cells are they? | Connective tissue cells
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| Venule function | Low pressure vessels that drain capillary beds.
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| Veins function | Low pressure vessels that drain blood back into atria. Compliant and can act as a reservoir which stores blood. (64% blood volume are in veins and venules)
Contain valves
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| Varicose veins | Lack of valve function resulting in pooling of blood.
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| Where do coronary arteries arise? | From the aorta, downstream from the aortic valve.
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| Ischemia | Lack of oxygen
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| Angina | Chest pain
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| Anastomoses | Artery to artery junctions
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| Dilated cardiomyopathy is caused by? | Infected muscle fibres (from alcohol or viral infection) that are attacked by lymphocytes which are then left weak and slow to contract
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| Which of the ventricles is most affected by dilated cardiomyopathy? | Left ventricle due to high pressure
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| Mitral regurgitation causes what to happen in the pulmonary capillaries? | Increase in blood leakage into the lungs (from 10->25)
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| Elastic artery distinctive | Very Large
Many sheets of elastin
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| Muscular Artery distinction | Distribute blood at High Pressure (medium in lungs)
Controls Rate of blood flow by changing RADIUS
MANY layers of smooth muscle (40)
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| Arteriole distinction | Thick Tunica Media relative to size
Degree of constriction here determines MAP
1-3 layers of smooth muscle
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| Capillary distinction | Thinnest walls (only one layer of endothelium)
Slowest blood movement to allow for exchange to occur
No smooth muscle or connective tissues
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| Venule Distinction | Site where Neutrophils and other white blood cells leave the blood to attack bacteria in tissues
Only Endothelium and some connective tissue
Larger ones have one layer of smooth muscle
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| Vein distinction | Thin walled (but similar to muscular artery)
Compliant, can act as reservoirs
(64%)
Only vessel with valves
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| Coronary arteries distinction | Muscular arteries
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