Final Anatomy and Physiology class flash cards.
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| The two main divisions of the nervous system. | CNS - Central Nervous System; PNS - Peripheral Nervous System
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| Afferent nerve pathways. | Carry nerve impulses into the CNS.
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| Efferent nerve pathways. | Carry nerve impulses away from the CNS.
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| The main structures of the CNS | Brain and Spinal Cord
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| The main structures of the PNS | Spinal Nerves and Cranial Nerves.
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| The three general functions of the nervous system. | Input - Integration - Output
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| Where the cranial nerves branch off. | The brain
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| Where the spinal nerves branch off. | The spinal cord
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| What are the two general nervous tissue cells? | Neurons and Neuroglia
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| These are more numerous nervous cells that provide structure and support, as well as speed up nerve impulses. | Neuroglia
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| These are wirelike cells that transmit nerve impulses. | Neurons
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| The major classifications of Neurons. | Multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar neurons.
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| The part of neurons that process nerve signals. | Cell body of neuron.
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| The part of neurons that carry nerve impulses towards the cell body. | Dendrites
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| The part of neurons that carry nerve umpulses away from the cell body. | Axon
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| These neurons are the most common type, are considered "motor neurons", and have many projections from the cell body. | Multipolar neurons.
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| Neurons of the special sensory systems like sight, smell, hearing and equilibrium, and are the least common. | Bipolar neurons.
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| General sensory neurons involved in the skin senses, like pain, temperature, touch and pressure. | Unipolar neurons.
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| Sensory neurons are also called... | Afferent neurons.
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| Motor neurons are also called... | Efferent neurons.
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| These multipolar neurons occur soley within the CNS, never leaving the brain or spinal cord. | Interneurons.
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| The two glial cells responsible for increasing the speed of nerve impulses are... | Oligodendrocytes and Neurolemmocytes
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| These glia form myelin sheaths around CNS neurons. | Oligodenrtocytes.
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| These glia form myelin sheaths around PNS neurons. | Neurolemmocytes [Schwann Cells]
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| This structure of the nervous system is where the communication between neurons occurs. | Synapse
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| These are hollow "sacks" containins chemichal messengers that emerge from the axon of the neuron. | Synaptic vesicles.
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| These are the chemical messengers that attach at the dendrite of the receiving neuron. | Neurotransmitters
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| These are the "locks" attached to the dendrite that receive the chemical messenger. | Receptor sites.
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| These are neurotransmitters that say to continue the signal. | Excitatory
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| These are neurotransmitters that stop the signal from continuing. | Inhibitory
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| The space occupied by neurolemmocytes. | Internode.
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| The space between the neurolemmocytes, or gaps in the myelin sheath. | Nerve Fiber Node [Node of Ranvier]
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| Term used for the part of the axon wrapped by the neurolemmocyte. | Myelinated.
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| Organs of transduction are ones that... | convert mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic energy into electrochemical energy of the nervous system.
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| The types of receptors that sense temperature are | thermoreceptors
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| The types of receptors that detect for taste and smell are called | chemoreceptors.
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| The types of receptors that detect light are called | photoreceptors
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| What do mechanoreceptors detect? | Light touch, pressure, pain, and proprioception.
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| Which area of the brain is responsible for conscious thought, communication, memory, and voluntary muscle control? | Cerebrum.
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| Which part of the brain coordinates muscular movements at a subconscious level? | cerebellum.
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| The place where the synapsing and location of cell bodies pertaining to the brain is called | gray matter ofthe brain.
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| The hemisphere that is responsible for spacial relation, and is considered the artistic side | The right hemisphere.
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| The place of the brain occupied by myelinated axons and is pretty much nerve pathways is | white matter of the brain.
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| The hemisphere that controls language/verbal skills, and math is | The left hemisphere.
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| The lobe of the brain that initiates skeletal activity is... | the frontal lobe.
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| The lobe of the brain that is the "self awareness" lobe is... | the parietal lobe.
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| The lobe of the brain where vision is processed is... | the occupital lobe.
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| The lobe of the brain where hearing is processed is... | the temporal lobe.
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| In the spinal cord, the outer-most area that conatains tracts of myelinated axons | white matter of the spinal cord.
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| In the spinal cord, the core, where the synapses and cell bodies is | gray matter nuclei of the spinal cord.
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| Within the vertebral canal, the roots where all of the sensory neurons connect with the spinal cord is called... | the dorsal roots.
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| Within the vertebral canal, the roots where all of the motor neurons connect with the spinal cord is called... | the ventral roots.
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| The areas of spinal nerves where the roots merge, exit the intervertebral foramen, and contain both motor and sensory neurons are called... | spintal nerve trunks.
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| The spinal nerve branches considered autonomic, (involuntary), and distribute neurons to smooth muscle tissues are... | Visceral branches.
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| The spinal nerve branches that are considered mostly voluntary are... | Somatic branches.
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| The rami that go to the skin and the postural muscles of the back are... | Dorsal
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| The rami that go to the skin and the bodywall and limb muscles are... | Ventral
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| (Cranial Nerve V) Trigeminal | The nerve providing general sensation of the face.
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| (Cranial Nerve X) Vagus | The nerve that aids in digestion and respiratory passageways, also motor control that slows the heart.
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| (Cranial Nerve IX) Glossopharangeal | taste from posterior third of the tongue, inner side or the tympanic membrane, pharynx and larynx
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| (Cranial Nerve XI) Accessory | Motor supply to SCM and Trapezius
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| This is a reflex or movement not requiring cranial input, causing a protection from injury or trauma. | Flexor Withdrawl
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| These are sensory neurons used to detect the speed or length of a muscle stretch and will cause contraction to prevent damage to the tissue. | Muscle Spindle Cells
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| The reflex or movement that engage muscle fibers when the muscle has moved too fast or too far in order to protect itself is called | Stretch reflex
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| The sensory neuron in the collagen at the border of the muscle belly that tells the muscle to relax to protect it from tearing is called | Golgi Tendon Organ
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| This is the division of the peripheral nervous system that is in charge of involuntary control. | Autonomic Nervous System.
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| Fight or Flight caused by innervation of smooth muscle blood vessels, cardiac muscle, and sweat glands is controled by | Sympathetic nervous system
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| Rest and Digest caused by innervation of smooth muscle of the gut tube and other internal organs of digestion is controlled by | Parasympathetic nervous system
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| The two main divisions of the Autonomic nervous system | Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nervous systems
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| Loose connective tissue surrounding individual neurons is called | Endoneurium
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| Dense Irregular connective tissue wrapping a bundle of neurons together into a fasciculus | Perineurium
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| Dense Irregular connective tissue wraping a nerve | Epineurium
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| The very protective tissues encasing CNS in bone, creating space for CSF to flow through, and surrounding the brain and spinal cord are called | Meninges
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| The three layers of meninges surrounding the CNS | Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater
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| The part made from Dura Mater that seperates the right and left hemispheres of cerebrum | Falx Cerebri
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| The part made from Dura Mater that seperates the right and left sides of cerebelli | Falx Cerebelli
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| The part made from Dura Mater that seperates the cerebrum from the cerebellum | Tentorium Cerebelli
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| Large channels between meningeal and periosteal dura that drains CSF and blood from brain tissues | Dural venous sinuses
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