MEDSCI 142
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| External Respiration | -in lungs -O2 in -CO2 out -exchange with blood to pulmonary ciruit
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| Internal Respiration | -gases exchanged between blood & tissue
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| Cellular Respiration | -breakdown material -gain energy
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| Pulmonary ventilation | -breathing -bulk air moving in/out of lungs
-pump=diaphragm, ribcage & muscles
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| conducting airways | -air between nose & deep Win lungs -thick walled -warms, humidifies & cleans air [nasal cavaties, trachea, pharynx larynx, bronchi/oles]
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| Respiratory airways | -gases exchanged -tiny thin walled
- [bronchioles, alveoli]
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| Nasal cavity + (4 parts) | -mucous membrane -tall narrow -filters, warms & humidifies
(1)medial surface
(2)paranasal sinus
(3)roof cavity
(4)axons
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| (1)medial surface [nasal cavity] | -flat, lateral
-3 sloping conchae
-incr. SA of mucous membrane
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| (2)paranasal sinus | -lighten face -add resonance to voice
-air-filled
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| (3)roof cavity | -carries olfactory epithelium -sniffing carries air up
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| (4)Axon | -of olfactory receptor cells -lead to brain
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| Pharynx | -Naso(air) -oro(food&air) -Laryngo(food&air) -1*gastrointestinal
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| pattern of branching of airways | *trachea->term. broichioles=conducting
*term.bronchioles->alveolar sacs=respiratory
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| Trachea | -C-shaped cartilage -trachealis muscle connects
-ciliated epithelium psuedostratified columnar
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| wall of bronchus | -psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-goblet cells & mucus glands
-SM -cartilage plates
-alveoli
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| Wall of bronchioles | -ciliated columnar epithelium -clara cells
-SM
-no cartilage,goblet or mucous cells
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| Goblet cells | -thick
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| Mucous cells | -thick & watery
-serous mucous
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| Clara cells | -watery substance -prevents walls sticking together
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| Alveoli | network of capillaries rapped around single alveolus
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| alveolar sac | -several bunched alveoli
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| alveolar duct | -corridor of alveoli & alveoli ducts
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| diffusion barrier | ~0.1micrometre
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| Cartilage | -supports airways
-not past small bronchi (along with mucous glands)
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| thickness of epithelium proportional to... | ....diameter -epi incr.=diameter incr.
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| smooth muscle in relation to size of airways | -smaller airways have more SM proportional to size
-no SM past bronchioles
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| Lobes of lung | -R=3 -L=2
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| segments of lung | -3* bronchi supply -have own air & blood supply
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| segments [clinical significance] | -surgeons know boundaries
-prevent excessive leakage of air & blood
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| Pleurae | -SM covers each lung & lines thoracic cavity -2 layers continuous to roof (hilium) of lung -fluid prevents friction of layers
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| Ventilation movement of ribs [expiration] | -internal intercostal muscles contract -active during forceful exhalation
-drags ribs down
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| Ventilation movement of ribs [inspiration] | -external intercostal muscles contract -lifts ribs -incr. vol thoracic
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| Ventilation movement of diaphragm | -diaphragmatic muscle contraction= inspiration
-relaxation=passive expiration
-~75% bulkflow air
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| tidal breathing | same pipes for in & out
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| Functional residual capacity=? | -amount of air in lungs after normal experation
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| Residual volume | -minimum voluntary volume
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| tidal volume | ranges from residual volume to total lung capacity
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| mechanics of breathing | -lung devoid of muscles
-Pressure grad for movement
-alveoli<atms
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| exhalation | alveoli Pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure
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| inhalation | alveolar Pressure is less than atmospheric
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| lungs | -highly elastic
-collapse to 0vol.
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| balance of forces (lungs) | -between collapsing lung & recoiling ribcage
-at functional residual capacity
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| ribcage experiences forcre | -causes it to spring outward
-F from stretched tissue in sterno-costo vetebral joint
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| pneumothorax | -air in interplueral space
-breaks cohesiveness
-lungs collapse
-chest recoils outwards
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| factor effecting exchange of air | (1)compliance
(2)resistance
(3)dead space (4)diffusion
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| (1)compliance | -change-in Vol/change-in P
-distensibility of lungs & chest wall
-inverse to stiffness
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| (2)resistance | -change-in P/change-in flow
-how hard to push
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| P-V relationship of lungs [low vol.] | -V compliant
-lots P to overcome surface tension
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| P-V relationship of lungs [open alveoli] | -distend relatively easily
-till near inflation
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| Air resistance | -flow depends of diff in P & R through airways
-mouth & nose contribute alot
-R greatest at medium 3* bronchi
-R decr. as tot-xsect. A incr.
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| Dead space | -no exchange of gases in vol.
-dilutes tidal inspiration
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| Fick's law | Vol. of gas exchange proportional to area
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| Respiratory distress syndrome | -surface tension in alveoli by air-water interface
-pulm. surfactant reduces tension
-absent in babies
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| emphysema | -alveolar & peri bronchi tissue damage
-bronchioles collapse
-FRC incr=barrel chest
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| asthma | -bronchiole constriction
-incr. muscular effort
-labour breathing
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| pulmonary edema | -water in alveolar space
-incr diffusion distance
-slower rate of gas exchange
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| universal gas law | P=nRT/V
-P proportional 1/V
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| partial pressure | -P required to keep plunger still
-keep gas from escaping out of solution
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| Daltons law | P tot= sum of PP on individual constituents
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| Henry's law | conc = sol. x pressure
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| CO poisoning | -binding of O2 to Hb blocked
-decr. HbO2 sat
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| Anemia | -haemoglobin reduced
-derc. tot O2 bound
-even though Hb 98% sat
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| CO2 transport | -high sol. in simple solution
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| Alveolar ventilation | -replenished supply of O2
-reg. to maintain constant PP of O2 & CO2
-changes due to metabolism
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| Hyper-ventilation [consequences] | -accum. O2 in alveoli
-incr. P O2
-decr. CO2 & P
-incr. blood pH
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| alkalotic coma | -due to blood pH becoming basic
-incr. pH
-hyper-ventilation
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| Hypo-ventilation | -decr. O2 in alveoli P
-accum. CO2
-incr. P CO2
-decr. pH
-acidosis
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| Acidotic coma | -arterial blood acidic
-pH decreases
-Hypo-ventilation
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| Response to altered inspiratory Pi O2/CO2 | -O2=low (flat region)
-CO2 & pH=greater
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| Respiratory centres in CNS | -nueral input=brainstem
-motor nuerons
-in medulla oblongata
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| Medulla oblongata | -Dorsal resp. grp= inspiration
-Ventral resp. grp= varies
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| Slowly adapting stretch receptors | -on bronchi/oles
-activated lung inflation
-myelinated fibres in vagus
-term. lung inhal.
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| irritant sensors | -mech&chem stimuli
-hyperinflation
-response to allergies
-cause:coughing, incr mucous secretion
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| Feedback from chemoreceptors | -carotid & aortic bodies
-detect changes in P(CO2&O2)
-informs resp. control centre
-maintain blood gases
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| Carotid | -bifurcation of common carotid arteries
-highly vascularised blood flow
-respond(P): decr.O2, Incr.CO2
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| aortic bodies | -aortic arch & subclavian arteries
-afferents in vagus nerve
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| Central chemo receptors | -ventral surface of medulla
-sensitive to pH changes in cerebral fluid
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| Intrinsic sensitivity to Pa O2 + CO2 | -measuring vent. reponse to changing each while others constant
-V sens. PO2
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| Involuntary [conflicting requirements] | -ventilation
-coughing
-sneezing
-sighing
-spitting
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| voluntary [conflicting requirements] | -ventilation
-singing, whistling,speech
-urination
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