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Respiratory system
MEDSCI 142
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| External Respiration | -in lungs -O2 in -CO2 out -exchange with blood to pulmonary ciruit |
| Internal Respiration | -gases exchanged between blood & tissue |
| Cellular Respiration | -breakdown material -gain energy |
| Pulmonary ventilation | -breathing -bulk air moving in/out of lungs -pump=diaphragm, ribcage & muscles |
| conducting airways | -air between nose & deep Win lungs -thick walled -warms, humidifies & cleans air [nasal cavaties, trachea, pharynx larynx, bronchi/oles] |
| Respiratory airways | -gases exchanged -tiny thin walled - [bronchioles, alveoli] |
| Nasal cavity + (4 parts) | -mucous membrane -tall narrow -filters, warms & humidifies (1)medial surface (2)paranasal sinus (3)roof cavity (4)axons |
| (1)medial surface [nasal cavity] | -flat, lateral -3 sloping conchae -incr. SA of mucous membrane |
| (2)paranasal sinus | -lighten face -add resonance to voice -air-filled |
| (3)roof cavity | -carries olfactory epithelium -sniffing carries air up |
| (4)Axon | -of olfactory receptor cells -lead to brain |
| Pharynx | -Naso(air) -oro(food&air) -Laryngo(food&air) -1*gastrointestinal |
| pattern of branching of airways | *trachea->term. broichioles=conducting *term.bronchioles->alveolar sacs=respiratory |
| Trachea | -C-shaped cartilage -trachealis muscle connects -ciliated epithelium psuedostratified columnar |
| wall of bronchus | -psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium -goblet cells & mucus glands -SM -cartilage plates -alveoli |
| Wall of bronchioles | -ciliated columnar epithelium -clara cells -SM -no cartilage,goblet or mucous cells |
| Goblet cells | -thick |
| Mucous cells | -thick & watery -serous mucous |
| Clara cells | -watery substance -prevents walls sticking together |
| Alveoli | network of capillaries rapped around single alveolus |
| alveolar sac | -several bunched alveoli |
| alveolar duct | -corridor of alveoli & alveoli ducts |
| diffusion barrier | ~0.1micrometre |
| Cartilage | -supports airways -not past small bronchi (along with mucous glands) |
| thickness of epithelium proportional to... | ....diameter -epi incr.=diameter incr. |
| smooth muscle in relation to size of airways | -smaller airways have more SM proportional to size -no SM past bronchioles |
| Lobes of lung | -R=3 -L=2 |
| segments of lung | -3* bronchi supply -have own air & blood supply |
| segments [clinical significance] | -surgeons know boundaries -prevent excessive leakage of air & blood |
| Pleurae | -SM covers each lung & lines thoracic cavity -2 layers continuous to roof (hilium) of lung -fluid prevents friction of layers |
| Ventilation movement of ribs [expiration] | -internal intercostal muscles contract -active during forceful exhalation -drags ribs down |
| Ventilation movement of ribs [inspiration] | -external intercostal muscles contract -lifts ribs -incr. vol thoracic |
| Ventilation movement of diaphragm | -diaphragmatic muscle contraction= inspiration -relaxation=passive expiration -~75% bulkflow air |
| tidal breathing | same pipes for in & out |
| Functional residual capacity=? | -amount of air in lungs after normal experation |
| Residual volume | -minimum voluntary volume |
| tidal volume | ranges from residual volume to total lung capacity |
| mechanics of breathing | -lung devoid of muscles -Pressure grad for movement -alveoli<atms |
| exhalation | alveoli Pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure |
| inhalation | alveolar Pressure is less than atmospheric |
| lungs | -highly elastic -collapse to 0vol. |
| balance of forces (lungs) | -between collapsing lung & recoiling ribcage -at functional residual capacity |
| ribcage experiences forcre | -causes it to spring outward -F from stretched tissue in sterno-costo vetebral joint |
| pneumothorax | -air in interplueral space -breaks cohesiveness -lungs collapse -chest recoils outwards |
| factor effecting exchange of air | (1)compliance (2)resistance (3)dead space (4)diffusion |
| (1)compliance | -change-in Vol/change-in P -distensibility of lungs & chest wall -inverse to stiffness |
| (2)resistance | -change-in P/change-in flow -how hard to push |
| P-V relationship of lungs [low vol.] | -V compliant -lots P to overcome surface tension |
| P-V relationship of lungs [open alveoli] | -distend relatively easily -till near inflation |
| Air resistance | -flow depends of diff in P & R through airways -mouth & nose contribute alot -R greatest at medium 3* bronchi -R decr. as tot-xsect. A incr. |
| Dead space | -no exchange of gases in vol. -dilutes tidal inspiration |
| Fick's law | Vol. of gas exchange proportional to area |
| Respiratory distress syndrome | -surface tension in alveoli by air-water interface -pulm. surfactant reduces tension -absent in babies |
| emphysema | -alveolar & peri bronchi tissue damage -bronchioles collapse -FRC incr=barrel chest |
| asthma | -bronchiole constriction -incr. muscular effort -labour breathing |
| pulmonary edema | -water in alveolar space -incr diffusion distance -slower rate of gas exchange |
| universal gas law | P=nRT/V -P proportional 1/V |
| partial pressure | -P required to keep plunger still -keep gas from escaping out of solution |
| Daltons law | P tot= sum of PP on individual constituents |
| Henry's law | conc = sol. x pressure |
| CO poisoning | -binding of O2 to Hb blocked -decr. HbO2 sat |
| Anemia | -haemoglobin reduced -derc. tot O2 bound -even though Hb 98% sat |
| CO2 transport | -high sol. in simple solution |
| Alveolar ventilation | -replenished supply of O2 -reg. to maintain constant PP of O2 & CO2 -changes due to metabolism |
| Hyper-ventilation [consequences] | -accum. O2 in alveoli -incr. P O2 -decr. CO2 & P -incr. blood pH |
| alkalotic coma | -due to blood pH becoming basic -incr. pH -hyper-ventilation |
| Hypo-ventilation | -decr. O2 in alveoli P -accum. CO2 -incr. P CO2 -decr. pH -acidosis |
| Acidotic coma | -arterial blood acidic -pH decreases -Hypo-ventilation |
| Response to altered inspiratory Pi O2/CO2 | -O2=low (flat region) -CO2 & pH=greater |
| Respiratory centres in CNS | -nueral input=brainstem -motor nuerons -in medulla oblongata |
| Medulla oblongata | -Dorsal resp. grp= inspiration -Ventral resp. grp= varies |
| Slowly adapting stretch receptors | -on bronchi/oles -activated lung inflation -myelinated fibres in vagus -term. lung inhal. |
| irritant sensors | -mech&chem stimuli -hyperinflation -response to allergies -cause:coughing, incr mucous secretion |
| Feedback from chemoreceptors | -carotid & aortic bodies -detect changes in P(CO2&O2) -informs resp. control centre -maintain blood gases |
| Carotid | -bifurcation of common carotid arteries -highly vascularised blood flow -respond(P): decr.O2, Incr.CO2 |
| aortic bodies | -aortic arch & subclavian arteries -afferents in vagus nerve |
| Central chemo receptors | -ventral surface of medulla -sensitive to pH changes in cerebral fluid |
| Intrinsic sensitivity to Pa O2 + CO2 | -measuring vent. reponse to changing each while others constant -V sens. PO2 |
| Involuntary [conflicting requirements] | -ventilation -coughing -sneezing -sighing -spitting |
| voluntary [conflicting requirements] | -ventilation -singing, whistling,speech -urination |
Created by:
meglet
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