Chapter 1 Terms
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| Three essential concepts | the complementarity of structure and function, the hierarchy of structural organization, and homeostasis.
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| Anatomy | studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
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| Physiology | concerns the function of the body, in other words, how all body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.
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| Gross, or macroscopic, anatomy | the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart lungs, and kidneys.
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| Regional anatomy | all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time.
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| Systemic anatomy | the anatomy of the body is studied system by system.
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| Surface anatomy | the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.
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| Microscopic anatomy | concerns structures to small to be seen with the naked eye
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| cytology | considers the cells of the body
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| histology | the study of tissues
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| Developmental anatomy | traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span
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| Embryology | a subdivision of developmental anatomy concerns developmental changes that occur before birth
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| pathological anatomy | studies structural changes caused by disease
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| radiographic anatomy | studies internal structures as visualized by x-ray images or specialized scanning procedures
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| molecular biology | investigation of the structures of biological chemicals
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| renal physiology | concerns kidney function and urine production
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| neurophysiology | explains the workings of the nervous system
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| cardiovascular physiology | examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
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| Principle of complementarity of structure and function | what a structure can do depends on its specific form
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| Chemical level | the simplest level of the structural hierarchy.
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| cellular level | the smallest units of living things
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| Tissue Level | groups of similar cells that have a common function.
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| organ level | discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function for the body.
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| Organ system | organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose.
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| Organismal level | represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to promote life.
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| maintaining boundaries | the internal environment (inside) remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it (outside).
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| Movement | includes the activities promoted by the muscular system.
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| Contractility | the muscles cell's ability to move by shorting.
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| Responsiveness Irritability | the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them.
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| Digestion | the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.
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| Metabolism | "a state of change" - a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells.
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| Excretion | is the process of removing excreta, or wastes, from the body.
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| Reproduction | Can occur at the cellular or organismal level. The original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair.
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| Growth | an increase in size of a body part or the organism.
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| homeostasis | indicates a dynamic state of equilibrium, or a balance. literal translation is "unchanging"
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| variable | factor or event
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| receptor | a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes called stimuli
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| control center | determines the set point(level or rang eat which a variable is to be maintained analyzes the input it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course action
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| effector | provides the means for the control centers response
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| superior (cranial) | toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
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| inferior(caudal) | away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
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| anterior(ventral) | toward or at the front of the body; in front of
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| posterior(dorsal) | toward or at the back of the body; behind
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| medial | toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
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| lateral | away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
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| intermediate | between a more medial and a more lateral structure
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| proximal | closer toward the origin of the body part or to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
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| distal | farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
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| superficial (external) | toward or at the body surface
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| deep (internal) | away from the body surface; more internal
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| epi | upon, above
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| lumbus | loin
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| chondro | cartilage
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| ruq | right upper quadrent
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| luq | left upper quadrent
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| rlq | right lower quadrent
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| llq | left low quadrent
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