BIO201 - Ch4 - Histology - Marieb/Hoehn - Rio Salado College - AZ
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| Stem Cells | 1st to form in fertilized egg - can divide indefinately.
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| Microvilli | Functions in absorption or secretion.
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| Basement Membrane | Epithelial tissue connects to this - no cells - just proteins & sugars.
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| Simple Epithelial (Squamous) | Lines blood vessels, lung alveoli - squished/flat cells.
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| Simple Epithelial (Cubodial) | Lines glands & ducts - surface of ovaries & eye - cube shaped.
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| Simple Epithelial (Columnar) | Tissues of stomach, intestines & uterus - column shaped.
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| Psuedostratified | Simple epithelium - looks multi-layered - lines throat, nasal passage, sinuses...
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| Stratified Epithelial (Squamous) | 2 or more layers - skin (keratinized), mouth, throat, esophagus.
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| What type of tissue is skin made of? | Stratified Epithelial (Squamous).
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| What type of tissue is found on surface of ovaries? | Simple Epithelial - Cubodial.
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| Which tissue type lines cavities or tubes? | Epithelial tissue.
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| Anatomy | Study of human body & parts.
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| Physiology | Study of how the body functions.
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| Internal Environment | Blood & the fluid around body cells.
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| Tissue with no cells in it - just proteins & polysaccharides? | Basement Membrane.
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| What tissue lines the throat & nasal passages? | Psuedostratified - Epithelial.
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| What is the tissue of the stomach? | Simple Epithelial - Columnar.
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| What tissue lines the surface of the eye? | Simple Epithelial - Cubodial.
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| What tissue lines the mouth? | Stratified Epithelial - Squamous.
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| What tissue is found in the ducts of sweat glands? | Stratified Epithelial - Cubodial.
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| What tissue is in the ducts of salivary glands? | Stratified Epithelial - Columnar.
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| Gland | Multicellular structure that makes & secrets products.
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| Exocrine Glands | Secretes substances onto epithelial surface.
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| Mucus, saliva & earwax are secreted by? | Exocrine Glands.
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| Endocrine Glands | Make hormones that pour into extracellular fluid.
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| The thyroid & adrenals are ___ glands. | Endocrine glands.
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| ____ glands secrete substances onto epithelial surface. | Exocrine glands.
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| Connective Tissue | Most abundant in body.
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| Its cells secrete a "ground substance" of fibers. | Connective Tissue.
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| Elastin Fibers | Elastic & makes connective tissue stretchy.
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| Lung tissue has ___ fibers. | Elastin
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| Fibroblasts | Produce & secrete fibers & white blood cells.
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| Loose Connective Tissue | Fibers & cells loosely arranged in ground substance.
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| Which tissue acts as frameowrk for epithelium? | Loose connective tissue.
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| Two main types of connective tissue? | Soft connective & specialized.
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| Soft connective Tissue | Loose, dense irruglar & dense regular.
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| ___ connective tissue found under skin | Soft Connective - loose
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| Connective tissue found in organs. | Soft Connective - Dense irregular.
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| Connective tissue found in tendons. | Soft Connective - Dense regular.
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| Specialized Connective Tissue | Cartilage, bone, adipose & blood.
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| Dense Irregular Connective Tissue | Has fibroblasts & many fibers.
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| Forms protective capsules around organs that don't stretch. | Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
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| Dense, Regular Connective Tissue | Rows of fibroblasts sandwiched between fibers.
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| Cartilage | Solid but pliable & resists compression.
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| Cartilage is made by? | Chondroblasts.
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| Chondroblasts | Cells that make cartilage.
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| 3 types of cartilage | Hyaline, elastic & fibro
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| Hyaline Cartilage | Most common - ribs, nose, pre-bone in embryo.
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| Elastic Cartilage | Flexable yet rigid - outer ear, epiglottis.
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| Fibrocartilage | Packed w/collagen fibers - can take tremendous presure.
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| Cushions in joints & vertebrae disks | Fibrocartilage
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| Bone Tissue | Hardened by minerals - calcium salts.
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| Tissue that produces blood cells | Bone tissue
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| Adipose Tissue | Fat storage - soft matrix.
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| What tissue is blood considered? | Connective Tissue - derrived mainly from so grouped w/in.
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| 3 types of muscle tissue? | Smooth, skeletal & cardiac
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| Striated | Striped
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| Fascicles | Bundles enclosed by connective tissue.
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| Skeletal Muscle | Fastened to bone - striated - many mitochondria.
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| Smooth Muscle | Not striated - contractile cells tapered at both ends.
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| Muscles in walls of arteries. | Smooth muscle
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| Muscle in stomach & intestines | Smooth muscle
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| Muscle in bladder | Smooth muscle
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| Muscle in sphincters | Smooth muscle
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| Muscle containing many mitochondria | Skeletal muscle
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| Cardiac Muscle | Only in heartwall - unevenly striated
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| Communication junctions | Allow cardiac muscle cells to contract as one.
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| Neurons | Cells that carry messages
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| Neurons consist of? | Cell body w/nucleus & cytoplasm.
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| Two types of extension/cell processes? | Branched & Axon
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| Branched process (dendrites) | Dendrites pick up incoming messages.
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| Axon | Conduct outgoing messages (mm - m long)
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| Nerve | Cluster of processes from several nurons.
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| Neuroglia | Accessory cells - 1/2 volume of nervous tissue.
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| Astrocytes | Star-shaped cells that shuttle nutrients to neurons & insulate.
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| Tight Junctions | Strands of protein that help stop leaking across tissue.
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| Gap Junctions | Cannels that connect cytoplasm of adjacent cells.
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| What junctions assist in cell communication & transfers? | Gap Junctions
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| Branched Dendrites | Pick up chemical messages & pass them to outgoing axon.
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| 3 types of epithelial membranes? | Cutaneous, mucous & serous
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| Adhering junctions | Cement cells together on tissues that stretch.
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| Desmosomes | Spot welds @ plasma membrane of 2 cells.
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| Zonula Adherens Junctions | Form tight collars around epithelial cells.
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| Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter - facilites communication between neurons.
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| Mucus (mucosae) Membrane | Pink, moist & line body cavities that open to exterior.
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| What membranes line digestive & urinary? | Mucous membranes
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| What membranes line respiratory? | Mucose membranes
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| Which membranes line tubes & cavities? | Mucose membranes
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| Serous Membranes | Occur in paired sheets - no glands - secrete fluids.
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| Which membranes are found in closed ventral body cavities? | Serous Membranes
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| Which membranes lubricate smooth surfaces? | Serous Membranes
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| Cutaneous Membranes | Skin - keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
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| What is the epidermis made of? | Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
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| What membrane is a "dry" membrane? | Cutaneous membrane.
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| Name the 4 basic tissue types? | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle & Nervous
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| What is the basic role of epithelial tissue? | Covering
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| What is the basic role of connective tissue? | Support
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| What is the basic role of muscle tissue? | Movement
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| What is the basic role of nervous tissue? | Control
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| Fixed | Preserving a specimen
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| Artifacts | Minor distortions - alterations
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| Epithelial tissue occurs in body as? | Covering and lining epithelium & glandular epithelium.
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| Epithelia form ___ between different environments. | Boundaries
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| Roles of epithelium are? | Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, & sendory reception.
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| 3 special characteristics of epithelium are? | Polarity, specialized contacts & supported by connective tissue.
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| Apical surface | Upper free surface exposed to body exterior or cavity.
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| Basal surface | Lower surface attached to basal lamina.
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| Most apical surfaces have ___. | Microvilli
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| The epithelial lining of the trachea have motile ___. | Cilia
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| Nonglandular epithelia are bound together by __. | Tight junctions & desmosomes
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| Tight junctions in epithelium keep proteins in the apical region & maintain __. | Epithelial polarity
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| All epithelial sheets rest upon & are supported by __. | Connective tissue
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| Just deep to the basal lamina is the __. | Reticular lamina
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| The basement membrane is the combination of __ & __. | Reticular lamina & basal lamina
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| Innervated yet avascular tissue | Epithelium
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| Endothelium | Simple, squamous - lymphatic & blood vessles, heart, & capillaries
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| Mesothelium | Simple, squamous - in serous membranes & organ coverings
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| Function of cubodial & columnar epithelium is? | Secretion & absorption
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| Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium is? | Secretion, particularly of mucus.
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| What type of tissue in in respiratory tract w/motile cilia? | Psuedostratified columnar epithelium.
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| Major role of stratified epithelia is? | Protection
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| What type of epithelium lines mouth & esophagus? | Stratified squamous epithelium
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| What type of epithelium is lining below hollow organs? | Transitional Epithelium
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| Which epithelium can easily stretch & change shape? | Transitional Epithelium
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| Name the most known unicellular gland | Goblet Cell
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| Unicellular Glands | One-celled & scattered w/in epithelial sheets.
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| Multicellular Glands | Most have ducts - more complex
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| Invagination | Inward growth
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| Evagination | Outward growth
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| Most multicellular epithelial grlands form by __ & __. | Invagination & evagination
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| Endocrine glands lose their ducts eventually and are called ___. | Ductless glands
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| Enocrine glands produce___. | Hormones
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| Glands secrete hormones by ___. | Exocytosis
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| Diffuse Endocrine System | Hormone-producing cells scattered in different organs.
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| Mucin | Mucus
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| What is mucus made of? | Glycoprtein that dissolves in water and becomes a slimy coating.
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| Multicellular exocrine glands have what 2 parts? | Duct & secretory unit (acinus)
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| acinus | Secretory unit consisting of secretory cells.
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| Extends into glands proper & divides it into lobes. | Supportive connective tissue - forms fibrous capsule.
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| Simple Glands | Have unbranched duct.
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| Compound Glands | Have a branched duct.
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| Types of secretory units in a gland. | Tubular, alveolar, or tubuloalveolar
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| Merocrine Glands | Exocrine gland that secretes by exocytosis.
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| Holocrine Glands | Exocine glands that secrete until they rupture. Oil glands.
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| Apocrine Glands | Exocrine glands - not in human but in animals. Pinches off.
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| Connective Tissue Proper | Fat & fibrous tissue of ligaments.
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| All connective tissue arise from __. | Mesenchyme - an embryonic tissue.
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| Extracellular Matrix | Connective tissues are largely nonliving.
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| Ground Substance | Contains fibers & holds larges amounts of fluid & functions as molecular sieve.
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| The fibers of connective tissue provide __. | Support
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| 3 fibers found in connective tissue. | Collagen, Elastic, & Reticular
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| Collagen Fibers | (White fibers) Collagen - crosslinked - extremely tough & high tensile strength.
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| Elastic Fibers | (Yellow fibers) Elastin - stretches & recoils - skin & lungs.
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| Reticular Fibers | Short fine fibers - branch extensively - network - form fuzzy nets - blood vessels.
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| Fibroblasts | Form connective tissue proper.
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| Chondroblast | Forms cartilage
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| Osteoblast | Forms bone
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| Hematopoietic stem cell | Forms bloood
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| Protoglycan | Aggregate in cartilage
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| Plasma Cells | Antibody-producing cells
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| Mast Cells | Initiate inflammatory response
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| Heparin | Anticoagulant
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| Stroma | Formed by reticular fibers - labyrinth-like - frameworkfor lymph nodes & bone marrow.
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| Aponeuroses | Sheet-like tendons that attach muscles-muscles or bone-bone - forms fascia.
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| Facia | Fibrous membrane - wraps around muscles, blood vessles & nerves
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| Elastic Connective Tissue | Very elastic, dense regular conn. tissue
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| Articular Cartilage | Hyaline cartilage covering ends of long bones
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| Epiphyseal Plates | Actively growing regions near end of long bones - childhood.
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| Osseous Tissue | Bone
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| Intercalated Disks | In cardiac muscle - junctions where cells fit tightly together.
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| Tissue repair occurs in 2 major ways. | Regeneration & fibrosis
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| Fibrosis | Scar tissue
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| Organization | Restores blood supply - replaces blood clot w/granulation tissue.
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| Granulation Tissue | Pink tissue containing capillaries - new capillary bed.
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| 3 Primary Germ Layers | Ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm
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| In adults, which tissues are highly miotic? | Epithelia & blood-forming tissue
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| Which organs have abundant stem cells? | Epidermis & intestine-lining cells
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| Neoplasm | Benign or malignant "new growth".
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| Metastasis | Traveling to other body parts
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| Adenoma | Any neoplasm of glandular epithelium
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| Healing by first intention | Edges of wound are brought together by sutures.
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| Healing by second intention | Wound gap is bridged by lg. amounts of grandulation tissue - lg scars.
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| Keloid | Abnormal proliferation of connective tissue
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| Marfan's syndrome | Genetic disease - abnormalities in connective tissue - fibrillin defect. Loose joints.
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| Macrophages are found in __ & __. | Areolar & lymphatic
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| Tendons are made of __ connective tissue. | Dense regular
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| Salivary glands exibit __ glandular arrangement. | Tubuloalveolar (compound)
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| Shock absorbing pads between vertebrae are formed by __. | Fibrocartilage
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| Smooth muscle cellspossess central nuclei but lack __. | Striations
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| Nervous tissue consists mainly of nerons and __. | Supporting cells
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| Epithelial Polarity | Have a free surface & a basal surface.
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| Stratified cuboidal is rare & found in __. | Ducts of some of the larger glands.`
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| Sweat glands are __ glands. | Merocrine.
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| Brown fat is found where? | Between shoulder blades of infants.
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| Gland secretions produced by rupture are __. | Holocrine glands.
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| Tissue with lots of collagen fibers are found __. | In tendons, ligaments, fibrous joint capsuels & coverings.
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| Psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium have __. | Goblet cells.
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| Wharton's Jelly | Fetal connective tissue - mucus connective tissue.
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| Cardiac muscle tissue is __ nucleated. | Single
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| __ muscle has intercalated discs and is branched. | Cardiac.
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| __ live in the lacuna of cartilage. | Chondrocytes.
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| Salivary glands are __ exocrine glands. | Compound tubuloalveolar.
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| Osteocytes exist in a tiny void called a __. | Lacuna
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| What is the one functional characteristic common to all macrophage-like cells? | Phagocytosis
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| Kidney tubules are made of __ epithelium. | Simple cuboidal.
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| __ muscle cells are multinucleated. | Skeletal.
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| Multiple rows of epithelia where cells are apx. same size from basement membrane to lumen is __. | Transitional epithelia.
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| The 3 main steps in tissue repair are? | Inflammation, organization, & regeneration.
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| __ muscle cells are multinucleated. | Skeletal
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| Glycosaminoglycans | Negatively charged polysaccharides.
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| Inability to absorb digested nutrients is a disorder of? | Simple columnar epithelium.
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| The tissue type that arises from all 3 embryonic germ layers is? | Epithelium.
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