Anatomy_Neuro_Lec7.1
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| The Brain | Gives rise to all motor fibers; receives all sensory information, including all interneurons
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| The Medulla Oblongata | lowest part of the brainstem - continuous with the spinal cord - and sits in anterior part of posterior cranial fossa
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| "Pyramids" of the Medulla Oblongata | On the ventral surface- these are corticospinal tracts from the cerebral cortex and they decussate (cross) in the lower medulla
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| Cranial nerves that Arise from the Medulla | Last four (CN 9-12) arise from the medulla
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| The Pons | Sits in the anterior part of the posterior cranial fossa
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| Cranial nerves that arise from the Pons | CN 5-8 exit here, also part of the CN 9 Nuclei
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| Functions of the Pons | Contains respiratory centers that work with medulla to regulate respiratory movements
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| Functions of the Medulla Oblongata | Cardiac and respiratory rhythmiticity centers for autonomic control of heart rate/ contractile strength and voluntary control of respiration
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| Midbrain | (aka mesencephalon) smallest region of the brainstem, located just above the pons
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| Substantia Nigra | located between peduncles and tegentum, involved in maintaining muscle tone and coordinating movements
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| Cranial Nerves of the Midbrain | CN 3&4 and also part of CN 5
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| reticular formation | specific system within the entire brain stem, receives a lot of sensory information, particularly from the head and face
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| The Cerebellum | located behind the brain stem, known as the little brain
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| 3 parts of the Cerebellum | lateral cerebellar hemispheres, Vermis, Flocculonodular lobe
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| Lateral cerebellar Hemispheres | moostly work with frontal lobe of cerebrum
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| Functions of the Cerebellum | Helps to guide the contraction of voluntary mucles through its impact on lower CNS motor neurons and i conjunction with cerebral cortex motor outflow
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| Damage to the Cerebellum Results in: | Disturbance of voluntary movement, balance, equilibrium and posture
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| The Diencephalon | above the brain stem
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| Regions of the Diencephalon | Thalamus, Subthalamus, Epithalamus, Hypothalamus
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| Cranial Nerves of the Diencephalon | CN 2, only cranial nerves of this region
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| The Thalamus | Largest part of the diencephalon, all sensory information, influences mood and actions associated with strong emotions
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| The Subthalamus | Small area inferior to thalamus, contains several motor and sensory tracts, involved in controlling motor function
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| The Epithalamus | Small area superior and posterior to thalamus, contains pineal gland and habenula
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| Pineal Gland | has some influence on the sleep-wake cycle and biorhythms
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| Habenula | Influenced by our sense of smell and involved with viscreral and emotional response to odors
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| The Hypothalamus | Houses the pituitary gland, Controls heart rate, urine release, movement of food through intestine, regulates temperature, large emotional control, sexual development
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| The Cerebrum | Highest brain area, Has 2 hemispheres that are separated by a longitudinal fissure.
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| Gyri | Folds in the Cerebrum
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| Sulci | Grooves in the Cerebrum
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| Longitudinal Fissure | The cleft between the 2 hemispheres in the Cerebrum
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| Basal Nuclei | Within the White matter, plays a part in motor control
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| Lobes of the Cerebrum | Frontal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Parietal Lobe
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| The Dura-Mater | The 2 layered Outermost Layer, very sensitive to pain
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| The Outer Dural Layer | Provides a tubular dural sheath for the cranial nerves as they exit through the foramina (small openings) in the skull
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| The Internal Dural Layer | The internal meninge is attached more firmly to the floor of the cranial fossae than the skullcap.
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| Tentorial Compartment | The tentorium cerebelli exists here, a horizontal fold that extends between the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum
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| Subtentorial Compartment | The falx cerebelli exists here to seperate the hemispheres of the cerebellum but does not extend deeply
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| Supratentorial Compartment | The falx cerebri exists, deeply dividing the cerebral hemispheres in the longitudinal fissure
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| Dural Septa | extensions medially of dura that limit excessive movement of the brain within the cranium. They divide the cranial cavity into 3 communicating compartments
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| The Arachnoid Mater | Delicate membrane that does not invest into all the fissures of the brain, but simply passes over the sulci
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| The Subarachnoid space | The space below the Arachnoid Mater, where CSF is found
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| The Pia Mater | Very thin inner layer that follows the brain surface exactly. The subarachnoid space above the pia is highly vascularized
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| Cerebrospinal Fluid | fluid that is formed in the ventricular system f the brain. Provides a protective cushion around the CNS and provide some nutrients to CNS tissues
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| CSF FLow | Formation within the Choroids Plexuses in each ventricle, through the interventricular foramen through 3rd and 4th ventricle. Goes through the subarachnoid space to the arachnoid granulations.
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| Venous Sinuses | venous channels between the internal and external dura seen primarily along attachments of dural septa
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| Cranial Nerves | 12 pairs, all arise from the brain and brainstem, Dorsal and Ventral Roots are not seen with Cranial Nerves
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| Cranial Nerve 1 | Olfactory Nerve; Sensory only, smell
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| Cranial Nerve 2 | Optic Nerve; sensory only, vision
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| Cranial Nerve 3 | Oculomotor Nerve; Motor Only, movement of the eye and parasympathetic to cause pupil constriction and accommodation
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| Cranial Nerve 4 | Trochlear Nerve; Motor only, Movement of the eye (superior oblique muscle)
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| Cranial Nerve 5 | Trigeminal Nerve; Motor and sensory, Sensory to the face, movement of the muscles of mastification
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| Cranial Nerve 6 | Abducens Nerve; Motor Only, Movement of the eye (lateral Rectus Muscle)
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| Cranial Nerve 7 | Facial Nerve; Motor and Sensory, taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, Movement of the muscles of facial expressium, some parasympathetic innervation of glands of the face
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| Cranial Nerve 8 | Vestibulochochlear Nerve; Sensory, hearing and balance/equilibrium
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| Cranial Nerve 9 | Glossopharyngeal Nerve; Motor and Sensory, taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, Pharyngeal muscle, parasympathetic innervation to the parotid glands
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| Cranial Nerve 10 | Vagus Nerve; Motor and sensory, Senses from pharyn and larynx, all thoracic and abdominal viscera, Motor to soft palate, pharynx, laryngeal muscles
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| Cranial Nerve 11 | Spinal Accessory; Motor Only; Movements of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
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| Cranial Nerve 12 | Hypoglossal nerve; Motor only, movements of the tongue and throat muscles
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