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Anatomy_Neuro_Lec7.1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Brain | Gives rise to all motor fibers; receives all sensory information, including all interneurons |
| The Medulla Oblongata | lowest part of the brainstem - continuous with the spinal cord - and sits in anterior part of posterior cranial fossa |
| "Pyramids" of the Medulla Oblongata | On the ventral surface- these are corticospinal tracts from the cerebral cortex and they decussate (cross) in the lower medulla |
| Cranial nerves that Arise from the Medulla | Last four (CN 9-12) arise from the medulla |
| The Pons | Sits in the anterior part of the posterior cranial fossa |
| Cranial nerves that arise from the Pons | CN 5-8 exit here, also part of the CN 9 Nuclei |
| Functions of the Pons | Contains respiratory centers that work with medulla to regulate respiratory movements |
| Functions of the Medulla Oblongata | Cardiac and respiratory rhythmiticity centers for autonomic control of heart rate/ contractile strength and voluntary control of respiration |
| Midbrain | (aka mesencephalon) smallest region of the brainstem, located just above the pons |
| Substantia Nigra | located between peduncles and tegentum, involved in maintaining muscle tone and coordinating movements |
| Cranial Nerves of the Midbrain | CN 3&4 and also part of CN 5 |
| reticular formation | specific system within the entire brain stem, receives a lot of sensory information, particularly from the head and face |
| The Cerebellum | located behind the brain stem, known as the little brain |
| 3 parts of the Cerebellum | lateral cerebellar hemispheres, Vermis, Flocculonodular lobe |
| Lateral cerebellar Hemispheres | moostly work with frontal lobe of cerebrum |
| Functions of the Cerebellum | Helps to guide the contraction of voluntary mucles through its impact on lower CNS motor neurons and i conjunction with cerebral cortex motor outflow |
| Damage to the Cerebellum Results in: | Disturbance of voluntary movement, balance, equilibrium and posture |
| The Diencephalon | above the brain stem |
| Regions of the Diencephalon | Thalamus, Subthalamus, Epithalamus, Hypothalamus |
| Cranial Nerves of the Diencephalon | CN 2, only cranial nerves of this region |
| The Thalamus | Largest part of the diencephalon, all sensory information, influences mood and actions associated with strong emotions |
| The Subthalamus | Small area inferior to thalamus, contains several motor and sensory tracts, involved in controlling motor function |
| The Epithalamus | Small area superior and posterior to thalamus, contains pineal gland and habenula |
| Pineal Gland | has some influence on the sleep-wake cycle and biorhythms |
| Habenula | Influenced by our sense of smell and involved with viscreral and emotional response to odors |
| The Hypothalamus | Houses the pituitary gland, Controls heart rate, urine release, movement of food through intestine, regulates temperature, large emotional control, sexual development |
| The Cerebrum | Highest brain area, Has 2 hemispheres that are separated by a longitudinal fissure. |
| Gyri | Folds in the Cerebrum |
| Sulci | Grooves in the Cerebrum |
| Longitudinal Fissure | The cleft between the 2 hemispheres in the Cerebrum |
| Basal Nuclei | Within the White matter, plays a part in motor control |
| Lobes of the Cerebrum | Frontal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Parietal Lobe |
| The Dura-Mater | The 2 layered Outermost Layer, very sensitive to pain |
| The Outer Dural Layer | Provides a tubular dural sheath for the cranial nerves as they exit through the foramina (small openings) in the skull |
| The Internal Dural Layer | The internal meninge is attached more firmly to the floor of the cranial fossae than the skullcap. |
| Tentorial Compartment | The tentorium cerebelli exists here, a horizontal fold that extends between the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum |
| Subtentorial Compartment | The falx cerebelli exists here to seperate the hemispheres of the cerebellum but does not extend deeply |
| Supratentorial Compartment | The falx cerebri exists, deeply dividing the cerebral hemispheres in the longitudinal fissure |
| Dural Septa | extensions medially of dura that limit excessive movement of the brain within the cranium. They divide the cranial cavity into 3 communicating compartments |
| The Arachnoid Mater | Delicate membrane that does not invest into all the fissures of the brain, but simply passes over the sulci |
| The Subarachnoid space | The space below the Arachnoid Mater, where CSF is found |
| The Pia Mater | Very thin inner layer that follows the brain surface exactly. The subarachnoid space above the pia is highly vascularized |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid | fluid that is formed in the ventricular system f the brain. Provides a protective cushion around the CNS and provide some nutrients to CNS tissues |
| CSF FLow | Formation within the Choroids Plexuses in each ventricle, through the interventricular foramen through 3rd and 4th ventricle. Goes through the subarachnoid space to the arachnoid granulations. |
| Venous Sinuses | venous channels between the internal and external dura seen primarily along attachments of dural septa |
| Cranial Nerves | 12 pairs, all arise from the brain and brainstem, Dorsal and Ventral Roots are not seen with Cranial Nerves |
| Cranial Nerve 1 | Olfactory Nerve; Sensory only, smell |
| Cranial Nerve 2 | Optic Nerve; sensory only, vision |
| Cranial Nerve 3 | Oculomotor Nerve; Motor Only, movement of the eye and parasympathetic to cause pupil constriction and accommodation |
| Cranial Nerve 4 | Trochlear Nerve; Motor only, Movement of the eye (superior oblique muscle) |
| Cranial Nerve 5 | Trigeminal Nerve; Motor and sensory, Sensory to the face, movement of the muscles of mastification |
| Cranial Nerve 6 | Abducens Nerve; Motor Only, Movement of the eye (lateral Rectus Muscle) |
| Cranial Nerve 7 | Facial Nerve; Motor and Sensory, taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, Movement of the muscles of facial expressium, some parasympathetic innervation of glands of the face |
| Cranial Nerve 8 | Vestibulochochlear Nerve; Sensory, hearing and balance/equilibrium |
| Cranial Nerve 9 | Glossopharyngeal Nerve; Motor and Sensory, taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, Pharyngeal muscle, parasympathetic innervation to the parotid glands |
| Cranial Nerve 10 | Vagus Nerve; Motor and sensory, Senses from pharyn and larynx, all thoracic and abdominal viscera, Motor to soft palate, pharynx, laryngeal muscles |
| Cranial Nerve 11 | Spinal Accessory; Motor Only; Movements of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles |
| Cranial Nerve 12 | Hypoglossal nerve; Motor only, movements of the tongue and throat muscles |
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