skin, bones, muscles, joints
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Layers of epidermis | stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
🗑
|
||||
| Post-mitotic layer of epidermis | stratum granulosum
🗑
|
||||
| layer of epidermis found only in skin that is very thick | stratum lucidum
🗑
|
||||
| layer of epidermis with squamous cells and no nuclei or other organelles | stratum lucidum
🗑
|
||||
| Attach to desmosomes | tonofibrils
🗑
|
||||
| Hold cells of stratum spinosum together | spiny projections
🗑
|
||||
| Cells that make up stratum spinosum | prickle cells
🗑
|
||||
| Contains the vascular system in the skin | dermis
🗑
|
||||
| Connects skin to underlying tissue | hypodermis
🗑
|
||||
| Main cell of the stratum basale | keratinocyte
🗑
|
||||
| Attaches basale to basement membrane | hemidesmosomes
🗑
|
||||
| Sensor cells in stratum basale | merkel cells
🗑
|
||||
| Levels of the epidermis most prone to cancer | stratum basale and stratum spinosum
🗑
|
||||
| Begins vitamin D synthesis | keratinocytes
🗑
|
||||
| Layers of the dermis | reticular and papillary
🗑
|
||||
| Dense irregular connective tissue in the dermis | Reticular layer
🗑
|
||||
| Areolar (loose) connective tissue in the dermis | Papillary layer
🗑
|
||||
| Contains Meissner's corpuscles | dermal papilla
🗑
|
||||
| Contains Pacinian corpuscles | Reticular layer of dermis
🗑
|
||||
| downward folds of the epidermis | rete ridges
🗑
|
||||
| upward projections of the dermis | dermal papilla
🗑
|
||||
| Enable friction to pick up small things | rete ridges
🗑
|
||||
| 3 layers of hair | cortex, medulla, cuticle
🗑
|
||||
| Phase of hair growth that takes weeks to years | active phase
🗑
|
||||
| phase of hair growth that is 1-3 months then replaces old hair | resting phase
🗑
|
||||
| phase where hair matrix of cells die | regressive phase
🗑
|
||||
| sweat gland with watery secretions | merocrine
🗑
|
||||
| sweat gland with viscid secretion | apocrine
🗑
|
||||
| gland that helps with thermoregulation | merocrine
🗑
|
||||
| gland with stem cells | holocrine
🗑
|
||||
| gland with bigger lumen | aprocrine
🗑
|
||||
| gland that secretes by exocytosis | merocrine
🗑
|
||||
| gland that destroys the whole cell then secretes | holocrine
🗑
|
||||
| cancer that originates in the spinosum | squamous cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| most common and least malignant cancer | basal cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| slow growing cancer | basal cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| most dangerous cancer because it is highly metastatic | melanoma
🗑
|
||||
| cancer caused by environmental factors | squamous cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| cancer that appears as a lesion | squamous cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| cancer that originates in stratum spinosum | squamous cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Cancer that appears as a brown/black patch | melanoma
🗑
|
||||
| Estimates the volume of fluid lost in burns | Rule of Nines
🗑
|
||||
| How long is burned skin sterile? | 24 hours
🗑
|
||||
| Burn where only the epidermis is damaged | first degree burn
🗑
|
||||
| Burn that involves the dermis and epidermis; skin grafting necessary | 3rd degree burn
🗑
|
||||
| Burn that is like first degree but with blisters | 2nd degree burn
🗑
|
||||
| Silicone epidermis bound to spongy dermal layer with collagen and ground cartilage | synthetic skin
🗑
|
||||
| cartilage with a high water content | skeletal cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| 3 types of skeletal cartilage | fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| Most common skeletal cartilage | hyaline
🗑
|
||||
| cartilage with collagen and elastic fibers | elastic cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| Growth from within | interstitial growth
🗑
|
||||
| Only skeletal cartilage with no perichondrium | fibrocartilage
🗑
|
||||
| Cartilage in nasal septum, trachea, ends of rubs | hyaline
🗑
|
||||
| Growth from edges | appositional
🗑
|
||||
| Collagen fibers are oriented in the direction of functional stress | fibrocartilage
🗑
|
||||
| Growth where chondroblasts in periosteum secrete a new matrix | appositional growth
🗑
|
||||
| Growth where chondrocytes divide to secrete new matrix | interstitial growth
🗑
|
||||
| Connected with skeleton by being in intevertebral discs | fibrocartilage
🗑
|
||||
| Bones in the skull, vertebral columns, and ribs | axial skeleton
🗑
|
||||
| Bones of upper and lower limbs | appendicular skeleton
🗑
|
||||
| Supports the weight of the upper body | pelvic girdle
🗑
|
||||
| Permits a wide range of motion | pectoral girdle
🗑
|
||||
| Site of leg attachment | pelvic girdle
🗑
|
||||
| Middle/shaft of bone | diaphysis
🗑
|
||||
| Plate that is usually from adult bone | epiphyseal plate
🗑
|
||||
| Marrow in adults | yellow
🗑
|
||||
| 3 types of vertebrae | cervical, thoracic, lumbar
🗑
|
||||
| How many cervical vertebrae? | 7
🗑
|
||||
| how many thoracic vertebrae? | 12
🗑
|
||||
| How many lumbar vertebrae? | 5
🗑
|
||||
| Vertical channels in bone that makes arteries and veins go through | Haversian canals
🗑
|
||||
| Horizontal channels that connect haversian canals | Volkmann's Canal
🗑
|
||||
| Connects lacunae to each other | canaliculi
🗑
|
||||
| Partial osteon | interstitial lamella
🗑
|
||||
| Spicules that make up spongy bone | trabeculae
🗑
|
||||
| Align lines of stress and help bone resist stress | trabeculae
🗑
|
||||
| 25% of total bone organic material | collagen
🗑
|
||||
| Mineral component of bone | hypoxyapetite
🗑
|
||||
| Matured bone is 65%: | mineralized matrix
🗑
|
||||
| Provides tensile strength and flexibility | fibrous component
🗑
|
||||
| Trigger for bone crystallization | interaction of collagen fibers with GAGs of matrix material
🗑
|
||||
| Intramembranous ossification begins with: | mesenchyme
🗑
|
||||
| Endochondral ossification begins with: | hyaline cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| Ossification in long bones | endochondral ossification
🗑
|
||||
| Ossification in flat bones | intramembranous ossification
🗑
|
||||
| Ossification that goes straight to osteoblasts | intramembranous ossification
🗑
|
||||
| ossification that goes from chondroblasts to osteoblasts | endrochondral ossification
🗑
|
||||
| ossification surrounded by periosteum | intramembranous ossification
🗑
|
||||
| covers bone ends and articulations | hyaline cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| cells that have to die before osteoblasts come in during endochondral ossification | chondroblasts
🗑
|
||||
| Most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate | growth hormone
🗑
|
||||
| induce epiphyseal plates to completely ossify | estrogen and testosterone
🗑
|
||||
| Modulates growth hormone | T3 & T4
🗑
|
||||
| Growth in thickness of bone by: | appositional growth
🗑
|
||||
| Osteogenic layer of periosteum has: | osteoblasts
🗑
|
||||
| Released if blood calcium is too high | PTH
🗑
|
||||
| released if blood calcium is too low | calcitonin
🗑
|
||||
| Released from thyroid gland to regeulate calcium | calcitonin
🗑
|
||||
| Law that proves bones remodel because of mechanical stress | Wolffs law
🗑
|
||||
| Converts callus into bone in bone repair | osteoblasts
🗑
|
||||
| Increase at fracture site will increase bone growth: | electrical stimulus
🗑
|
||||
| How does electrical stimulus increase bone growth? | partially prevents PTH from stimulating osteoclasts
🗑
|
||||
| Ossification that is replacing cartilage with bone | Endochondral ossification
🗑
|
||||
| Biodegradable ceramic substance known as TCP | artificial bone
🗑
|
||||
| Used from human cadavers in bone repair | crushed bone
🗑
|
||||
| Caused by insufficient calcium or vitamin D | Rickets
🗑
|
||||
| Disease caused by excessive and abnormal bone resorption and formation | Paget's disease
🗑
|
||||
| Primary bone | woven bone
🗑
|
||||
| secondary bone | compact bone
🗑
|
||||
| Abnormally high woven bone to compact bone | Paget's disease
🗑
|
||||
| Bone disease that occurs at any age because of immobility | Disuse osteoporosis
🗑
|
||||
| Drugs that slow how much bone is dissolved | Anti-resorptive drugs
🗑
|
||||
| How often is the entire skeleton replaced | Every 10 years
🗑
|
||||
| Used for treatment of skeletal defects | crushed bone
🗑
|
||||
| Looks at bone density to diagnose osteoporosis earlier | DEXA
🗑
|
||||
| Age of peak bone mass | 18 years old
🗑
|
||||
| Bone disease with unknown cause but linked to a viral infection | Paget's
🗑
|
||||
| 4 hormones that regulate calcium | PTH, calcitonin, Vitamin D, Calcium
🗑
|
||||
| Slow how much bone gets dissolved | Anti-resorptive drugs
🗑
|
||||
| Class of anti-resorptives | biphosphates
🗑
|
||||
| Prevents further bone loss and increases bone density | biphosphates
🗑
|
||||
| Gets into osteoclast and causes it to self-destruct | biphosphate
🗑
|
||||
| Induces osteoclasts to dissolve bone | PTH
🗑
|
||||
| Inhibits collagen synthesis by osteoblasts | PTH
🗑
|
||||
| Increases calcium absorption in the body | PTH
🗑
|
||||
| Pathway of vitamin D | sun>skin (vitamin D3)>liver(calcidiol)>kidney(calcitriol)
🗑
|
||||
| Calcitriol acts as a: | hormone
🗑
|
||||
| Acts directly on the small intestine to boost absorption of calcium | Vitamin D
🗑
|
||||
| Increases calcium resorption (release) from skeleton | calcitriol
🗑
|
||||
| acts by binding to RANKL and stimulates differentiation into osteoclasts | calcitriol
🗑
|
||||
| Causes reabsorption of calcium by kidneys | Calcitriol
🗑
|
||||
| Macrophages that get differentiated | osteoclasts
🗑
|
||||
| Govern production of osteoclasts using 3 signaling molecules | osteoblasts
🗑
|
||||
| Induces macrophages to multiply | stimulating factor
🗑
|
||||
| protein that binds to macrophages inducing them to form osteoclasts | RANKL
🗑
|
||||
| attaches to RANKL so it won't bind to a macrophage | osteoprotegerin
🗑
|
||||
| Enhances osteoprotegerin | estrogen
🗑
|
||||
| Prolongs the life of osteoblasts | estrogen
🗑
|
||||
| Only occur between bones of the skull | sutures
🗑
|
||||
| Joints with no joint cavity | fibrous joints
🗑
|
||||
| Articulation edges completely filled by very short connective tissue fibers that penetrate the bone | sutures
🗑
|
||||
| Suture at border of parietal bones | serrate
🗑
|
||||
| suture between temporal and parietal bones | lap suture
🗑
|
||||
| suture in palatine process of maxilla | plane
🗑
|
||||
| Arrangement that allows infant's head to pass through birth canal | free-floating bones skull separated by sutures
🗑
|
||||
| Premature fusing of the sutures | craniosynostosis
🗑
|
||||
| Union of 2 or more bones to form single bones | synostosis
🗑
|
||||
| Types of fibrous joints | sutures, sydesmoses, gomphoses
🗑
|
||||
| Fibrous joint in which bones are connected by a ligament | syndesmoses
🗑
|
||||
| Fibrous joint with longer fibers | syndesmoses
🗑
|
||||
| Fibrous connection like a nail or a bolt with short peridontal ligament | gomphoses
🗑
|
||||
| movement of gomphoses | amphiarthrotic
🗑
|
||||
| slightly moveable joint | amphiarthrotic
🗑
|
||||
| immovable joint | synarthrotic
🗑
|
||||
| freely movable joints | diarthrotic
🗑
|
||||
| Diaphysis growing is called | synchondroses
🗑
|
||||
| Lack a joint cavity | cartilaginous joints
🗑
|
||||
| movement of cartilaginous joints | amphiarthrotic
🗑
|
||||
| types of cartilaginous joints | synchondroses and symphyses
🗑
|
||||
| Means growing together | symphysis
🗑
|
||||
| Becomes ossified and immovable (synarthrotic) when bone growth ends | synchondroses
🗑
|
||||
| Articular surfaces of bone are covered with | hyaline cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| Function of symphysis | strength and flexibility
🗑
|
||||
| Located predominantly in limbs | synovial joints
🗑
|
||||
| Filled with synovial fluid | joint cavity
🗑
|
||||
| joint enclosed by double-layered articular capsule | synovial joint
🗑
|
||||
| In synovial joints, comes from filtration of blood plasma | synovial fluid
🗑
|
||||
| Makes synovial fluid viscous | synovial membrane cells secrete hyaluronic acid
🗑
|
||||
| Makes synovial fluid slippery | albumin
🗑
|
||||
| Warms synovial fluid | exercise
🗑
|
||||
| Forces synovial fluid from cartilages when joint is suppressed by movement | weeping lubrication
🗑
|
||||
| Contains phagocytic cells that rid the joint cavity of cellular debrus and nourish cartilage | synovial fluid
🗑
|
||||
| layers of periosteum | fibrous layer and osteogenic layer
🗑
|
||||
| layer of periosteum containing osteoblasts | osteogenic layer
🗑
|
||||
| Bone growth in width b | appositional growth
🗑
|
||||
| Fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane | Bursa
🗑
|
||||
| Contains thin film of synovial fluid and is common where ligaments, etc rub bone | Bursa
🗑
|
||||
| Elongated bursa that completely wrap around tendon subjected to friction | tendon sheaths
🗑
|
||||
| discs or wedges of fibrocartilage that separate articular surfaces of bone | menisci
🗑
|
||||
| divide synovial cavity into 2 separate cavities | menisci
🗑
|
||||
| absorbs shock and pressure, improves fit between bones, and stabilizes joints | menisci
🗑
|
||||
| Most menisci injuries occur _________ and are irreparable | in avascular zones
🗑
|
||||
| Loss of as little as 10% of meniscus can lead to: | degenerative arthritis
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment of choice for torn menisci | arthroscopy
🗑
|
||||
| Stability of joint depends on: | nature of articular surface and number & position of ligaments
🗑
|
||||
| What kind of sockets are best for stability? | deep sockets like the hip
🗑
|
||||
| low levels of contractile activity in relaxed muscle that keeps the muscles healthy and ready to react to stimuli | muscle tone
🗑
|
||||
| Most important stabilizing factor | muscle tendons that cross the joint
🗑
|
||||
| Monitor position of joints and maintains muscle tone | articular capsule and ligaments
🗑
|
||||
| Supplies articular capsule and ligaments | sensory nerve endings
🗑
|
||||
| Muscles always in what state | somewhat contractive
🗑
|
||||
| Every muscle is attached to the bone by at least ____ points | 2
🗑
|
||||
| Attached to bone that does not move | origin
🗑
|
||||
| attached to bone that moves | insertion
🗑
|
||||
| What happens to insertion and origin when muscles contract | insertion moves toward the origin
🗑
|
||||
| Movement of every synovial joint | diarthrotic (freely movable)
🗑
|
||||
| Classes of synovial joints | plane, hinge, pivot, saddle, ball & socket
🗑
|
||||
| Synovial joint with flat articular surfaces | Plane joint
🗑
|
||||
| Synovial joint in tarsals/carpals | plane joint
🗑
|
||||
| synovial joint that permits flexion and extension | hinge joint
🗑
|
||||
| synovial joint that is in knee and elbow | hinge joint
🗑
|
||||
| synovial joint that allows rotation | pivot joint
🗑
|
||||
| synovial joint that includes the axis and atlas | pivot joint
🗑
|
||||
| synovial joint with concave and convex articular surface shapes | saddle joint
🗑
|
||||
| synovial joint in thumbs | saddle joint
🗑
|
||||
| Synovial joint: articular surfaces fit together concave to convex | saddle joint
🗑
|
||||
| most freely moving synovial joint | ball and socket
🗑
|
||||
| three bones of the elbow | ulna, radius, humerus
🗑
|
||||
| joint between humerus and ulna | humeroulnar
🗑
|
||||
| joint between humerus and radius | humeroradial
🗑
|
||||
| joint between radius and ulna | radioulnar
🗑
|
||||
| lateral epicondylitis | tennis elbow
🗑
|
||||
| medial epicondylitis | golfer's elbow
🗑
|
||||
| can be caused by heavy work lifting at the elbow or repetitive movements at the wrist | tennis elbow
🗑
|
||||
| symptom is pain on the lateral epicondyl | tennis elbow
🗑
|
||||
| Tennis elbow treatment | ice, brace, stretches, steriod injections, surgery
🗑
|
||||
| Tennis elbow surgery | common extensor origin released from lateral epicondyle
🗑
|
||||
| Freely movable joint that has sacrificed stability for mobility | shoulder joint
🗑
|
||||
| Head of humerus is in: | glenoid cavity of scapula
🗑
|
||||
| 3 bones of the shoulder | humerus (upper arm), scapula (shoulder blade), clavicle (collar bone)
🗑
|
||||
| shoulder joint replacement surgery is also called | shoulder arthroplasty
🗑
|
||||
| 4 muscles and their tendons in rotator cuff | subscapalaris, supra spinatus, infra spinatus, teres minor
🗑
|
||||
| formed by articulation of spherical head of femur with deep cupped acebatabulum of coxal bone | hip joint
🗑
|
||||
| Provides most of the stability of a hip joint | deep socket that encloses the femoral head & the strong ligaments
🗑
|
||||
| contains an artery that takes arterial blood to head of femur | intracapsular ligament
🗑
|
||||
| largest most complex joint in the body | knee joint
🗑
|
||||
| 4 bones of knee joint | tibia, femur, patella, fibula
🗑
|
||||
| 2 joints in knee | femopatellar and tibiofemoral joint
🗑
|
||||
| joint in the knee that is a plane joint | femopatellar joint
🗑
|
||||
| joint in the knee that is a hinge joint | tibiofemoral joint
🗑
|
||||
| Intermediate between patella and lower end of femur | femopatellar joint
🗑
|
||||
| between femoral condyles above and c-shaped menisci of tibia below | tibiofemoral joint
🗑
|
||||
| at least ____ bursae associated with the knee | 12
🗑
|
||||
| Knee muscles that go across the knee joint | quads and hamstrings
🗑
|
||||
| major stabilizing ligaments of the knee | ACL and PCL
🗑
|
||||
| Hold joints together in the knee | ligaments
🗑
|
||||
| Determining presence or absence of blood within joint can help diagnose ______ injury | ACL
🗑
|
||||
| initial treatment of ACL injury | ice, anti-inflammatories, physical therapy
🗑
|
||||
| Most common type of ACL reconstruction | harvesting the central third of the patellar tendon with a bone block at each end of the tendon graft
🗑
|
||||
| Tissue most vulnerable to injury | cartilaginous growth centers
🗑
|
||||
| Increases traction stress on growth centers during growth spurt | bones grow faster than tendon-muscle unit
🗑
|
||||
| chronic traction & stress at tibial tubercle apophysis due to repetitive activity and tight quads | osgood-schlatter injury
🗑
|
||||
| using a patellar strap can relieve pain from: | osgood schlatter injury
🗑
|
||||
| leads to cartilage swelling and cortical bone fragmentation | osgood schlatter injury
🗑
|
||||
| ligaments reiforcing joints are stretched and torn | sprain
🗑
|
||||
| common sprain sites | lumbar region of spine, ankle, and knee
🗑
|
||||
| Why is ligament repair slow | because ligaments are poorly vascularized
🗑
|
||||
| Repair for completely ruptured ligaments | surgery
🗑
|
||||
| implanted in torn ligament to form supporting mesh | carbon fibers
🗑
|
||||
| causes cartilage tearing | cartilage subjected to high pressure or twisting motion simultaneously
🗑
|
||||
| Why does cartilage stay torn | it is avascular and can't get sufficient nourishment
🗑
|
||||
| occurs when bones are forced out of normal position at a joint | dislocation
🗑
|
||||
| inflammation of bursa or tendon sheath caused by excessive stress friction or bacterial infection | bursitis/tendonitis
🗑
|
||||
| most wide spread crippling disease in US | arthritis
🗑
|
||||
| may result in formation of bony spurs due to increased friction | arthritis
🗑
|
||||
| acute arthritis usually caused by & treated with: | bacterial invasion, antibiotics
🗑
|
||||
| non-inflammatory type of arthritis, chronic arthritis | osteoarthritis
🗑
|
||||
| Caused by degeneration of joint over time through wear and tear | chronic arthritis
🗑
|
||||
| osteoarthritis not common in: | shoulder
🗑
|
||||
| crunching noise made by affected joints | creptitus
🗑
|
||||
| drugs that block the enzyme that creates the pain | NSAIDs
🗑
|
||||
| drugs that work together to treat chronic arthritis. "synergy" | motrin+tylenol
🗑
|
||||
| Arthritis that affects 3x as many women as men | Rheumetoid arthritis
🗑
|
||||
| autoimmune disease with suspected cause strep bacteria | rheumatoid arthritis
🗑
|
||||
| Arthritis that attacks the synovial membrane | rheumatoid arthrits
🗑
|
||||
| Blood cells and swollen membranes release chemicals into synovial fluid that break down or damage joint tissues | rheumatoid arthritis
🗑
|
||||
| systemic disease: can show up in other organs | rheumatoid arthritis
🗑
|
||||
| excessive amount of uric acids deposited as urate crystals in soft tissues | gout
🗑
|
||||
| arthritis more common in males | gout
🗑
|
||||
| Genetic factors in these diseases: | gout, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporsis
🗑
|
||||
| cells that participate in every activity that requires movement | muscle cells
🗑
|
||||
| 3 types of muscle | skeletal, cardiac, smooth
🗑
|
||||
| generates 3/4 heat for muscles | from body by muscle action
🗑
|
||||
| elongated and called fibers | muscle cells
🗑
|
||||
| immature muscle cell | myoblast
🗑
|
||||
| largest of muscle cell types | skeletal muscle
🗑
|
||||
| Muscle must rest after short periods of activity | skeletal
🗑
|
||||
| multinucleated muscle(s) | skeletal
🗑
|
||||
| uninucleated muscle(s) | cardiac, smooth
🗑
|
||||
| Makes up skeletal muscle: | muscle fibers, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers
🗑
|
||||
| connective tissue that wraps each individual muscle fiber | endomysium
🗑
|
||||
| connective tissue that wraps bundles of muscle fibers (fasicles) | perimysium
🗑
|
||||
| connective tissue that wraps the whole muscle | epimysium
🗑
|
||||
| covers entire muscle and is located over the layer of epimysium | fascia
🗑
|
||||
| Muscle attachment where epimysium is fused to periosteum or perochondrium | direct muscle attachment
🗑
|
||||
| muscle attachment where muscle fascia extends beyond muscle as a rope-like tendon that anchors muscle to bone, cartilage, or another fascia | indirect muscle attachment
🗑
|
||||
| Fascicle arrangement: long axis of fascicle rubs with longitudinal axis of muscle | parallel
🗑
|
||||
| fascicle arrangement: fascicles are short and attach obliquely to central tendon running length of muscle | pinnate
🗑
|
||||
| Fascicles attach to one side of tendon | unipinnate
🗑
|
||||
| fascicles attach to central tendon opposite sides | bipinnate
🗑
|
||||
| fascicles attach to many tenons | multipinnate
🗑
|
||||
| fascicle arrangement: fascicles converge toward single tendon | convergent
🗑
|
||||
| Pectoralis major fascicle arrangement | convergent
🗑
|
||||
| fascicle arrangement: fascicles arranged in concentric circles | circular
🗑
|
||||
| In muscle cells, contains large amounds of stored glycogen myoglobin | sarcoplasm
🗑
|
||||
| 80% of cell volume | myofibrils
🗑
|
||||
| thick filaments | myosin
🗑
|
||||
| thin filaments | actin
🗑
|
||||
| contractile proteins | myofilaments
🗑
|
||||
| filament that looks like a twisted double strand | thin filaments
🗑
|
||||
| contain active sites for myosin binding | thin filaments (actin)
🗑
|
||||
| 2 regulatory proteins associated with actin | tropomyosin and troponin
🗑
|
||||
| control myosin-actin interaction | troponin and tropomyosin
🗑
|
||||
| each muscle fiber contains ___ axon | one
🗑
|
||||
| Troponin that binds to actin | TnI
🗑
|
||||
| troponin that binds to tropomyosin | TnT
🗑
|
||||
| troponin that binds to Ca++ | TnC
🗑
|
||||
| Complex of 3 polypeptides | troponin
🗑
|
||||
| Align width of muscle cell so it appears striated | myofibrils
🗑
|
||||
| functional contractile unit of skeletal and cardiac muscle | sarcomere
🗑
|
||||
| What has to happen to muscles before they contract | innervation
🗑
|
||||
| normally covers up binding spot on actin filament | tropomyosin
🗑
|
||||
| binds with troponin to cause tropomyosin to expose actin binding site | calcium
🗑
|
||||
| stimulates skeletal muscle cells | motor neurons
🗑
|
||||
| 2 types of excitable cells | neurons & muscle cells
🗑
|
||||
| opens ligand-gated sodium channels | ACh
🗑
|
||||
| diffusion of Na in cell reduces resting potential at that spot creating: | end plate potential
🗑
|
||||
| potential reduced to _________ for action potential to be generated in cell | threshold voltage
🗑
|
||||
| Sarcolemma is restored to initial polarized state | repolarization
🗑
|
||||
| Restores electrical condition of resting membrane | potassium diffuses from cell
🗑
|
||||
| Tubules surround each myofibril | sarcoplasmic reticulum
🗑
|
||||
| Large perpendicular cross channels in SR | terminal cisternae
🗑
|
||||
| regulate intercellular levels of Ca++ | major role of SR
🗑
|
||||
| Formed at A-I band junction where sarcolemma penetrates the interior of the cell | t tubules
🗑
|
||||
| sequence of events in which the transmission of an action potential along the sarcolemma leads to contraction | excitation-contraction coupling
🗑
|
||||
| promotes formation of myosin cross bridges | calcium
🗑
|
||||
| Production ceases shortly after breathing stops | ATP
🗑
|
||||
| autoimmune disease that attacks and destroys ACh receptors located on muscle cells | myasthenia gravis
🗑
|
||||
| Cause of stiffness after death known as rigor mortis | ATP isn't being produced to detach myosin cross bridges
🗑
|
||||
| Poison that disrupts innervation by blocking ACh from attaching to receptors | curare
🗑
|
||||
| amount of tension generated by a muscle depends on how stretched or contracted it is before stimulated | length tension relationship
🗑
|
||||
| monitors and adjusts length of resting muscle to paintain partial contraction | nervous system
🗑
|
||||
| length of resting muscle to maintain partial contraction | muscle tone
🗑
|
||||
| Keeps a muscle firm, healthy, and ready to respond to stimulation | muscle tone
🗑
|
||||
| consists of motor neuron and all muscle cells it controls | motor unit
🗑
|
||||
| large motor units generate ____ force but ____ control | more;less
🗑
|
||||
| time between stimulation and time of contraction (everything that happens before contraction place) | latent period
🗑
|
||||
| time during which the muscle contracts and actin filaments move | period of contraction
🗑
|
||||
| period in which muscle returns to original length; happens when trying to get myosin head off | period of relaxation
🗑
|
||||
| Period in which calcium goes to sarcoplasmic reticulum | period of relaxation
🗑
|
||||
| twitches vary with concentration of: | calcium
🗑
|
||||
| How does pH affect twitches | weaker
🗑
|
||||
| If a skeletal muscle is stimulated a second time right after contraction phase, contraction will have higher max tension | treppe
🗑
|
||||
| Successive stimuli arrive before the relaxation phase has been completed and second twitch is stronger | wave summation
🗑
|
||||
| wave summation can't happen under: | absolute refractory period
🗑
|
||||
| Required for wave summation | calcium
🗑
|
||||
| increasing the stimulation rate until the relaxation phase is eliminated | tetanus
🗑
|
||||
| Twitch seen in artificial stimulation of a muscle | tetanus
🗑
|
||||
| force exerted by a contracting muscle on an object | muscle tension
🗑
|
||||
| force exerted on a muscle by the weight of an object | load
🗑
|
||||
| muscle tension develops but the load is not moved | isometric
🗑
|
||||
| muscle tension develops and load is not moved (pushing and muscles are contracting but nothing happens) | isometric tension
🗑
|
||||
| muscle tension develops and the load is moved | isostonic tension
🗑
|
||||
| Borrow phosphate groups ATP needs to be made | phosphagen system
🗑
|
||||
| Respiration that doesnt require oxygen | anaerobic
🗑
|
||||
| Con of anaerobic respiration | glycolysis is converted to lactic acid when there is no oxygen available
🗑
|
||||
| Respiration that provides a large amount of ATP but takes longer because of the many steps | aerobic respiration
🗑
|
||||
| Main factor in muscle fatigue | making enough ATP
🗑
|
||||
| difference between resting rate of oxygen consumption and elevated rate | oxygen debt
🗑
|
||||
| muscle with poorly developed SR | smooth muscle
🗑
|
||||
| tiny invagnations of sarcolemma with calcium inside | caveloae
🗑
|
||||
| Why do calveolae work | smooth muscle has a large surface area so Ca++ can diffuse into cell from interstitial fluid
🗑
|
||||
| Muscle that lacks troponin and sarcomeres | smooth muscle
🗑
|
||||
| Organization of muscle fibers in smooth muscle | sheets of closely apposed fibers
🗑
|
||||
| cyclic contraction and relaxation of opposing layers allows lumen of organ to alternately constrict | peristalsis-smooth muscle
🗑
|
||||
| muscles that lack structured neuromuscular junction | smooth
🗑
|
||||
| innervating nerve fibers that have numerous bulbous endings | varicosities
🗑
|
||||
| neurotransmitters released in a wide synaptic cleft in general area of smooth muscle cells | diffuse junction
🗑
|
||||
| makes smooth muscle contractions possible | gap junctions
🗑
|
||||
| pacemaker cells | auto rhythmic cells
🗑
|
||||
| calcium interacts with ______ and _____ enzyme that are part of thich filament in smooth muscle contractions | calmodulin
🗑
|
||||
| why are smooth muscles always ready to contract | lack troponin
🗑
|
||||
| Smooth muscle contractions | Ca activates calmodulin>activates kinase enzyme>transfers ATP to myosin>myosin interacts with actin (contraction)
🗑
|
||||
| release neurotransmitters for involuntary muscles | autonomic nerve endings
🗑
|
||||
| allows hollow organs to fill or expand slowly to accomodate increased internal volume | stress-relaxation response
🗑
|
||||
| certain smooth muscle fibers divide to increase numbers, like uterus during pregnancy | hyperplasia
🗑
|
||||
| How can smooth muscle make its own connective tissue | can make collagen and elastic fibers to make CT that surround their fibers
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
beshoe
Popular Anatomy sets