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BSC test 2
skin, bones, muscles, joints
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Layers of epidermis | stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum |
| Post-mitotic layer of epidermis | stratum granulosum |
| layer of epidermis found only in skin that is very thick | stratum lucidum |
| layer of epidermis with squamous cells and no nuclei or other organelles | stratum lucidum |
| Attach to desmosomes | tonofibrils |
| Hold cells of stratum spinosum together | spiny projections |
| Cells that make up stratum spinosum | prickle cells |
| Contains the vascular system in the skin | dermis |
| Connects skin to underlying tissue | hypodermis |
| Main cell of the stratum basale | keratinocyte |
| Attaches basale to basement membrane | hemidesmosomes |
| Sensor cells in stratum basale | merkel cells |
| Levels of the epidermis most prone to cancer | stratum basale and stratum spinosum |
| Begins vitamin D synthesis | keratinocytes |
| Layers of the dermis | reticular and papillary |
| Dense irregular connective tissue in the dermis | Reticular layer |
| Areolar (loose) connective tissue in the dermis | Papillary layer |
| Contains Meissner's corpuscles | dermal papilla |
| Contains Pacinian corpuscles | Reticular layer of dermis |
| downward folds of the epidermis | rete ridges |
| upward projections of the dermis | dermal papilla |
| Enable friction to pick up small things | rete ridges |
| 3 layers of hair | cortex, medulla, cuticle |
| Phase of hair growth that takes weeks to years | active phase |
| phase of hair growth that is 1-3 months then replaces old hair | resting phase |
| phase where hair matrix of cells die | regressive phase |
| sweat gland with watery secretions | merocrine |
| sweat gland with viscid secretion | apocrine |
| gland that helps with thermoregulation | merocrine |
| gland with stem cells | holocrine |
| gland with bigger lumen | aprocrine |
| gland that secretes by exocytosis | merocrine |
| gland that destroys the whole cell then secretes | holocrine |
| cancer that originates in the spinosum | squamous cell carcinoma |
| most common and least malignant cancer | basal cell carcinoma |
| slow growing cancer | basal cell carcinoma |
| most dangerous cancer because it is highly metastatic | melanoma |
| cancer caused by environmental factors | squamous cell carcinoma |
| cancer that appears as a lesion | squamous cell carcinoma |
| cancer that originates in stratum spinosum | squamous cell carcinoma |
| Cancer that appears as a brown/black patch | melanoma |
| Estimates the volume of fluid lost in burns | Rule of Nines |
| How long is burned skin sterile? | 24 hours |
| Burn where only the epidermis is damaged | first degree burn |
| Burn that involves the dermis and epidermis; skin grafting necessary | 3rd degree burn |
| Burn that is like first degree but with blisters | 2nd degree burn |
| Silicone epidermis bound to spongy dermal layer with collagen and ground cartilage | synthetic skin |
| cartilage with a high water content | skeletal cartilage |
| 3 types of skeletal cartilage | fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, hyaline cartilage |
| Most common skeletal cartilage | hyaline |
| cartilage with collagen and elastic fibers | elastic cartilage |
| Growth from within | interstitial growth |
| Only skeletal cartilage with no perichondrium | fibrocartilage |
| Cartilage in nasal septum, trachea, ends of rubs | hyaline |
| Growth from edges | appositional |
| Collagen fibers are oriented in the direction of functional stress | fibrocartilage |
| Growth where chondroblasts in periosteum secrete a new matrix | appositional growth |
| Growth where chondrocytes divide to secrete new matrix | interstitial growth |
| Connected with skeleton by being in intevertebral discs | fibrocartilage |
| Bones in the skull, vertebral columns, and ribs | axial skeleton |
| Bones of upper and lower limbs | appendicular skeleton |
| Supports the weight of the upper body | pelvic girdle |
| Permits a wide range of motion | pectoral girdle |
| Site of leg attachment | pelvic girdle |
| Middle/shaft of bone | diaphysis |
| Plate that is usually from adult bone | epiphyseal plate |
| Marrow in adults | yellow |
| 3 types of vertebrae | cervical, thoracic, lumbar |
| How many cervical vertebrae? | 7 |
| how many thoracic vertebrae? | 12 |
| How many lumbar vertebrae? | 5 |
| Vertical channels in bone that makes arteries and veins go through | Haversian canals |
| Horizontal channels that connect haversian canals | Volkmann's Canal |
| Connects lacunae to each other | canaliculi |
| Partial osteon | interstitial lamella |
| Spicules that make up spongy bone | trabeculae |
| Align lines of stress and help bone resist stress | trabeculae |
| 25% of total bone organic material | collagen |
| Mineral component of bone | hypoxyapetite |
| Matured bone is 65%: | mineralized matrix |
| Provides tensile strength and flexibility | fibrous component |
| Trigger for bone crystallization | interaction of collagen fibers with GAGs of matrix material |
| Intramembranous ossification begins with: | mesenchyme |
| Endochondral ossification begins with: | hyaline cartilage |
| Ossification in long bones | endochondral ossification |
| Ossification in flat bones | intramembranous ossification |
| Ossification that goes straight to osteoblasts | intramembranous ossification |
| ossification that goes from chondroblasts to osteoblasts | endrochondral ossification |
| ossification surrounded by periosteum | intramembranous ossification |
| covers bone ends and articulations | hyaline cartilage |
| cells that have to die before osteoblasts come in during endochondral ossification | chondroblasts |
| Most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate | growth hormone |
| induce epiphyseal plates to completely ossify | estrogen and testosterone |
| Modulates growth hormone | T3 & T4 |
| Growth in thickness of bone by: | appositional growth |
| Osteogenic layer of periosteum has: | osteoblasts |
| Released if blood calcium is too high | PTH |
| released if blood calcium is too low | calcitonin |
| Released from thyroid gland to regeulate calcium | calcitonin |
| Law that proves bones remodel because of mechanical stress | Wolffs law |
| Converts callus into bone in bone repair | osteoblasts |
| Increase at fracture site will increase bone growth: | electrical stimulus |
| How does electrical stimulus increase bone growth? | partially prevents PTH from stimulating osteoclasts |
| Ossification that is replacing cartilage with bone | Endochondral ossification |
| Biodegradable ceramic substance known as TCP | artificial bone |
| Used from human cadavers in bone repair | crushed bone |
| Caused by insufficient calcium or vitamin D | Rickets |
| Disease caused by excessive and abnormal bone resorption and formation | Paget's disease |
| Primary bone | woven bone |
| secondary bone | compact bone |
| Abnormally high woven bone to compact bone | Paget's disease |
| Bone disease that occurs at any age because of immobility | Disuse osteoporosis |
| Drugs that slow how much bone is dissolved | Anti-resorptive drugs |
| How often is the entire skeleton replaced | Every 10 years |
| Used for treatment of skeletal defects | crushed bone |
| Looks at bone density to diagnose osteoporosis earlier | DEXA |
| Age of peak bone mass | 18 years old |
| Bone disease with unknown cause but linked to a viral infection | Paget's |
| 4 hormones that regulate calcium | PTH, calcitonin, Vitamin D, Calcium |
| Slow how much bone gets dissolved | Anti-resorptive drugs |
| Class of anti-resorptives | biphosphates |
| Prevents further bone loss and increases bone density | biphosphates |
| Gets into osteoclast and causes it to self-destruct | biphosphate |
| Induces osteoclasts to dissolve bone | PTH |
| Inhibits collagen synthesis by osteoblasts | PTH |
| Increases calcium absorption in the body | PTH |
| Pathway of vitamin D | sun>skin (vitamin D3)>liver(calcidiol)>kidney(calcitriol) |
| Calcitriol acts as a: | hormone |
| Acts directly on the small intestine to boost absorption of calcium | Vitamin D |
| Increases calcium resorption (release) from skeleton | calcitriol |
| acts by binding to RANKL and stimulates differentiation into osteoclasts | calcitriol |
| Causes reabsorption of calcium by kidneys | Calcitriol |
| Macrophages that get differentiated | osteoclasts |
| Govern production of osteoclasts using 3 signaling molecules | osteoblasts |
| Induces macrophages to multiply | stimulating factor |
| protein that binds to macrophages inducing them to form osteoclasts | RANKL |
| attaches to RANKL so it won't bind to a macrophage | osteoprotegerin |
| Enhances osteoprotegerin | estrogen |
| Prolongs the life of osteoblasts | estrogen |
| Only occur between bones of the skull | sutures |
| Joints with no joint cavity | fibrous joints |
| Articulation edges completely filled by very short connective tissue fibers that penetrate the bone | sutures |
| Suture at border of parietal bones | serrate |
| suture between temporal and parietal bones | lap suture |
| suture in palatine process of maxilla | plane |
| Arrangement that allows infant's head to pass through birth canal | free-floating bones skull separated by sutures |
| Premature fusing of the sutures | craniosynostosis |
| Union of 2 or more bones to form single bones | synostosis |
| Types of fibrous joints | sutures, sydesmoses, gomphoses |
| Fibrous joint in which bones are connected by a ligament | syndesmoses |
| Fibrous joint with longer fibers | syndesmoses |
| Fibrous connection like a nail or a bolt with short peridontal ligament | gomphoses |
| movement of gomphoses | amphiarthrotic |
| slightly moveable joint | amphiarthrotic |
| immovable joint | synarthrotic |
| freely movable joints | diarthrotic |
| Diaphysis growing is called | synchondroses |
| Lack a joint cavity | cartilaginous joints |
| movement of cartilaginous joints | amphiarthrotic |
| types of cartilaginous joints | synchondroses and symphyses |
| Means growing together | symphysis |
| Becomes ossified and immovable (synarthrotic) when bone growth ends | synchondroses |
| Articular surfaces of bone are covered with | hyaline cartilage |
| Function of symphysis | strength and flexibility |
| Located predominantly in limbs | synovial joints |
| Filled with synovial fluid | joint cavity |
| joint enclosed by double-layered articular capsule | synovial joint |
| In synovial joints, comes from filtration of blood plasma | synovial fluid |
| Makes synovial fluid viscous | synovial membrane cells secrete hyaluronic acid |
| Makes synovial fluid slippery | albumin |
| Warms synovial fluid | exercise |
| Forces synovial fluid from cartilages when joint is suppressed by movement | weeping lubrication |
| Contains phagocytic cells that rid the joint cavity of cellular debrus and nourish cartilage | synovial fluid |
| layers of periosteum | fibrous layer and osteogenic layer |
| layer of periosteum containing osteoblasts | osteogenic layer |
| Bone growth in width b | appositional growth |
| Fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane | Bursa |
| Contains thin film of synovial fluid and is common where ligaments, etc rub bone | Bursa |
| Elongated bursa that completely wrap around tendon subjected to friction | tendon sheaths |
| discs or wedges of fibrocartilage that separate articular surfaces of bone | menisci |
| divide synovial cavity into 2 separate cavities | menisci |
| absorbs shock and pressure, improves fit between bones, and stabilizes joints | menisci |
| Most menisci injuries occur _________ and are irreparable | in avascular zones |
| Loss of as little as 10% of meniscus can lead to: | degenerative arthritis |
| Treatment of choice for torn menisci | arthroscopy |
| Stability of joint depends on: | nature of articular surface and number & position of ligaments |
| What kind of sockets are best for stability? | deep sockets like the hip |
| low levels of contractile activity in relaxed muscle that keeps the muscles healthy and ready to react to stimuli | muscle tone |
| Most important stabilizing factor | muscle tendons that cross the joint |
| Monitor position of joints and maintains muscle tone | articular capsule and ligaments |
| Supplies articular capsule and ligaments | sensory nerve endings |
| Muscles always in what state | somewhat contractive |
| Every muscle is attached to the bone by at least ____ points | 2 |
| Attached to bone that does not move | origin |
| attached to bone that moves | insertion |
| What happens to insertion and origin when muscles contract | insertion moves toward the origin |
| Movement of every synovial joint | diarthrotic (freely movable) |
| Classes of synovial joints | plane, hinge, pivot, saddle, ball & socket |
| Synovial joint with flat articular surfaces | Plane joint |
| Synovial joint in tarsals/carpals | plane joint |
| synovial joint that permits flexion and extension | hinge joint |
| synovial joint that is in knee and elbow | hinge joint |
| synovial joint that allows rotation | pivot joint |
| synovial joint that includes the axis and atlas | pivot joint |
| synovial joint with concave and convex articular surface shapes | saddle joint |
| synovial joint in thumbs | saddle joint |
| Synovial joint: articular surfaces fit together concave to convex | saddle joint |
| most freely moving synovial joint | ball and socket |
| three bones of the elbow | ulna, radius, humerus |
| joint between humerus and ulna | humeroulnar |
| joint between humerus and radius | humeroradial |
| joint between radius and ulna | radioulnar |
| lateral epicondylitis | tennis elbow |
| medial epicondylitis | golfer's elbow |
| can be caused by heavy work lifting at the elbow or repetitive movements at the wrist | tennis elbow |
| symptom is pain on the lateral epicondyl | tennis elbow |
| Tennis elbow treatment | ice, brace, stretches, steriod injections, surgery |
| Tennis elbow surgery | common extensor origin released from lateral epicondyle |
| Freely movable joint that has sacrificed stability for mobility | shoulder joint |
| Head of humerus is in: | glenoid cavity of scapula |
| 3 bones of the shoulder | humerus (upper arm), scapula (shoulder blade), clavicle (collar bone) |
| shoulder joint replacement surgery is also called | shoulder arthroplasty |
| 4 muscles and their tendons in rotator cuff | subscapalaris, supra spinatus, infra spinatus, teres minor |
| formed by articulation of spherical head of femur with deep cupped acebatabulum of coxal bone | hip joint |
| Provides most of the stability of a hip joint | deep socket that encloses the femoral head & the strong ligaments |
| contains an artery that takes arterial blood to head of femur | intracapsular ligament |
| largest most complex joint in the body | knee joint |
| 4 bones of knee joint | tibia, femur, patella, fibula |
| 2 joints in knee | femopatellar and tibiofemoral joint |
| joint in the knee that is a plane joint | femopatellar joint |
| joint in the knee that is a hinge joint | tibiofemoral joint |
| Intermediate between patella and lower end of femur | femopatellar joint |
| between femoral condyles above and c-shaped menisci of tibia below | tibiofemoral joint |
| at least ____ bursae associated with the knee | 12 |
| Knee muscles that go across the knee joint | quads and hamstrings |
| major stabilizing ligaments of the knee | ACL and PCL |
| Hold joints together in the knee | ligaments |
| Determining presence or absence of blood within joint can help diagnose ______ injury | ACL |
| initial treatment of ACL injury | ice, anti-inflammatories, physical therapy |
| Most common type of ACL reconstruction | harvesting the central third of the patellar tendon with a bone block at each end of the tendon graft |
| Tissue most vulnerable to injury | cartilaginous growth centers |
| Increases traction stress on growth centers during growth spurt | bones grow faster than tendon-muscle unit |
| chronic traction & stress at tibial tubercle apophysis due to repetitive activity and tight quads | osgood-schlatter injury |
| using a patellar strap can relieve pain from: | osgood schlatter injury |
| leads to cartilage swelling and cortical bone fragmentation | osgood schlatter injury |
| ligaments reiforcing joints are stretched and torn | sprain |
| common sprain sites | lumbar region of spine, ankle, and knee |
| Why is ligament repair slow | because ligaments are poorly vascularized |
| Repair for completely ruptured ligaments | surgery |
| implanted in torn ligament to form supporting mesh | carbon fibers |
| causes cartilage tearing | cartilage subjected to high pressure or twisting motion simultaneously |
| Why does cartilage stay torn | it is avascular and can't get sufficient nourishment |
| occurs when bones are forced out of normal position at a joint | dislocation |
| inflammation of bursa or tendon sheath caused by excessive stress friction or bacterial infection | bursitis/tendonitis |
| most wide spread crippling disease in US | arthritis |
| may result in formation of bony spurs due to increased friction | arthritis |
| acute arthritis usually caused by & treated with: | bacterial invasion, antibiotics |
| non-inflammatory type of arthritis, chronic arthritis | osteoarthritis |
| Caused by degeneration of joint over time through wear and tear | chronic arthritis |
| osteoarthritis not common in: | shoulder |
| crunching noise made by affected joints | creptitus |
| drugs that block the enzyme that creates the pain | NSAIDs |
| drugs that work together to treat chronic arthritis. "synergy" | motrin+tylenol |
| Arthritis that affects 3x as many women as men | Rheumetoid arthritis |
| autoimmune disease with suspected cause strep bacteria | rheumatoid arthritis |
| Arthritis that attacks the synovial membrane | rheumatoid arthrits |
| Blood cells and swollen membranes release chemicals into synovial fluid that break down or damage joint tissues | rheumatoid arthritis |
| systemic disease: can show up in other organs | rheumatoid arthritis |
| excessive amount of uric acids deposited as urate crystals in soft tissues | gout |
| arthritis more common in males | gout |
| Genetic factors in these diseases: | gout, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporsis |
| cells that participate in every activity that requires movement | muscle cells |
| 3 types of muscle | skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| generates 3/4 heat for muscles | from body by muscle action |
| elongated and called fibers | muscle cells |
| immature muscle cell | myoblast |
| largest of muscle cell types | skeletal muscle |
| Muscle must rest after short periods of activity | skeletal |
| multinucleated muscle(s) | skeletal |
| uninucleated muscle(s) | cardiac, smooth |
| Makes up skeletal muscle: | muscle fibers, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers |
| connective tissue that wraps each individual muscle fiber | endomysium |
| connective tissue that wraps bundles of muscle fibers (fasicles) | perimysium |
| connective tissue that wraps the whole muscle | epimysium |
| covers entire muscle and is located over the layer of epimysium | fascia |
| Muscle attachment where epimysium is fused to periosteum or perochondrium | direct muscle attachment |
| muscle attachment where muscle fascia extends beyond muscle as a rope-like tendon that anchors muscle to bone, cartilage, or another fascia | indirect muscle attachment |
| Fascicle arrangement: long axis of fascicle rubs with longitudinal axis of muscle | parallel |
| fascicle arrangement: fascicles are short and attach obliquely to central tendon running length of muscle | pinnate |
| Fascicles attach to one side of tendon | unipinnate |
| fascicles attach to central tendon opposite sides | bipinnate |
| fascicles attach to many tenons | multipinnate |
| fascicle arrangement: fascicles converge toward single tendon | convergent |
| Pectoralis major fascicle arrangement | convergent |
| fascicle arrangement: fascicles arranged in concentric circles | circular |
| In muscle cells, contains large amounds of stored glycogen myoglobin | sarcoplasm |
| 80% of cell volume | myofibrils |
| thick filaments | myosin |
| thin filaments | actin |
| contractile proteins | myofilaments |
| filament that looks like a twisted double strand | thin filaments |
| contain active sites for myosin binding | thin filaments (actin) |
| 2 regulatory proteins associated with actin | tropomyosin and troponin |
| control myosin-actin interaction | troponin and tropomyosin |
| each muscle fiber contains ___ axon | one |
| Troponin that binds to actin | TnI |
| troponin that binds to tropomyosin | TnT |
| troponin that binds to Ca++ | TnC |
| Complex of 3 polypeptides | troponin |
| Align width of muscle cell so it appears striated | myofibrils |
| functional contractile unit of skeletal and cardiac muscle | sarcomere |
| What has to happen to muscles before they contract | innervation |
| normally covers up binding spot on actin filament | tropomyosin |
| binds with troponin to cause tropomyosin to expose actin binding site | calcium |
| stimulates skeletal muscle cells | motor neurons |
| 2 types of excitable cells | neurons & muscle cells |
| opens ligand-gated sodium channels | ACh |
| diffusion of Na in cell reduces resting potential at that spot creating: | end plate potential |
| potential reduced to _________ for action potential to be generated in cell | threshold voltage |
| Sarcolemma is restored to initial polarized state | repolarization |
| Restores electrical condition of resting membrane | potassium diffuses from cell |
| Tubules surround each myofibril | sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| Large perpendicular cross channels in SR | terminal cisternae |
| regulate intercellular levels of Ca++ | major role of SR |
| Formed at A-I band junction where sarcolemma penetrates the interior of the cell | t tubules |
| sequence of events in which the transmission of an action potential along the sarcolemma leads to contraction | excitation-contraction coupling |
| promotes formation of myosin cross bridges | calcium |
| Production ceases shortly after breathing stops | ATP |
| autoimmune disease that attacks and destroys ACh receptors located on muscle cells | myasthenia gravis |
| Cause of stiffness after death known as rigor mortis | ATP isn't being produced to detach myosin cross bridges |
| Poison that disrupts innervation by blocking ACh from attaching to receptors | curare |
| amount of tension generated by a muscle depends on how stretched or contracted it is before stimulated | length tension relationship |
| monitors and adjusts length of resting muscle to paintain partial contraction | nervous system |
| length of resting muscle to maintain partial contraction | muscle tone |
| Keeps a muscle firm, healthy, and ready to respond to stimulation | muscle tone |
| consists of motor neuron and all muscle cells it controls | motor unit |
| large motor units generate ____ force but ____ control | more;less |
| time between stimulation and time of contraction (everything that happens before contraction place) | latent period |
| time during which the muscle contracts and actin filaments move | period of contraction |
| period in which muscle returns to original length; happens when trying to get myosin head off | period of relaxation |
| Period in which calcium goes to sarcoplasmic reticulum | period of relaxation |
| twitches vary with concentration of: | calcium |
| How does pH affect twitches | weaker |
| If a skeletal muscle is stimulated a second time right after contraction phase, contraction will have higher max tension | treppe |
| Successive stimuli arrive before the relaxation phase has been completed and second twitch is stronger | wave summation |
| wave summation can't happen under: | absolute refractory period |
| Required for wave summation | calcium |
| increasing the stimulation rate until the relaxation phase is eliminated | tetanus |
| Twitch seen in artificial stimulation of a muscle | tetanus |
| force exerted by a contracting muscle on an object | muscle tension |
| force exerted on a muscle by the weight of an object | load |
| muscle tension develops but the load is not moved | isometric |
| muscle tension develops and load is not moved (pushing and muscles are contracting but nothing happens) | isometric tension |
| muscle tension develops and the load is moved | isostonic tension |
| Borrow phosphate groups ATP needs to be made | phosphagen system |
| Respiration that doesnt require oxygen | anaerobic |
| Con of anaerobic respiration | glycolysis is converted to lactic acid when there is no oxygen available |
| Respiration that provides a large amount of ATP but takes longer because of the many steps | aerobic respiration |
| Main factor in muscle fatigue | making enough ATP |
| difference between resting rate of oxygen consumption and elevated rate | oxygen debt |
| muscle with poorly developed SR | smooth muscle |
| tiny invagnations of sarcolemma with calcium inside | caveloae |
| Why do calveolae work | smooth muscle has a large surface area so Ca++ can diffuse into cell from interstitial fluid |
| Muscle that lacks troponin and sarcomeres | smooth muscle |
| Organization of muscle fibers in smooth muscle | sheets of closely apposed fibers |
| cyclic contraction and relaxation of opposing layers allows lumen of organ to alternately constrict | peristalsis-smooth muscle |
| muscles that lack structured neuromuscular junction | smooth |
| innervating nerve fibers that have numerous bulbous endings | varicosities |
| neurotransmitters released in a wide synaptic cleft in general area of smooth muscle cells | diffuse junction |
| makes smooth muscle contractions possible | gap junctions |
| pacemaker cells | auto rhythmic cells |
| calcium interacts with ______ and _____ enzyme that are part of thich filament in smooth muscle contractions | calmodulin |
| why are smooth muscles always ready to contract | lack troponin |
| Smooth muscle contractions | Ca activates calmodulin>activates kinase enzyme>transfers ATP to myosin>myosin interacts with actin (contraction) |
| release neurotransmitters for involuntary muscles | autonomic nerve endings |
| allows hollow organs to fill or expand slowly to accomodate increased internal volume | stress-relaxation response |
| certain smooth muscle fibers divide to increase numbers, like uterus during pregnancy | hyperplasia |
| How can smooth muscle make its own connective tissue | can make collagen and elastic fibers to make CT that surround their fibers |
Created by:
beshoe
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