NERVOUS SYSTEM #2 CHAPTER 8
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| Afferent Nerves | Transmitters of nerve impulses towards the CNS; sensory nerves.
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| Agraphia | inability to convert one's thoughts into writing.
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| Alexia | inability to understand written words.
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| Analgesia | without sensitivity to pain.
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| Anesthesia | without feeling or sensation.
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| Aneurysm | dilatation in the wall of an artery
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| Aphasia | inability to communicate through speech, writing, or signs.
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| Ataxia | without muscular coordination
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| Aura | props the onset of a headache or epileptic seizure.
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| Autonomic Nervous System | regulates the involuntary vital functions of the body, activities involving the heart muscle, smooth muscles, and glands.
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| Axon | transports nerve impulses away from the nerve cell body.
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| Blood-Brain Barrier | protective characteristics of the capillary walls of the brain. prevents that passage of harmful substances from the bloodstream into the brain tissue or CSF.
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| Bradykinesia | abnormally slow movement.
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| Brain Stem | stemlike portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemisphere with the spinal cord.
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| Brudzinki's Sign | positive sign of meningitis.
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| Burr Hole | hole drilled into the skull
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| Cell Body | contains the nucleus and cytoplasm.
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| Central Nervous System | 1 of the 2 main divisions of the nervous system, contains the brain and spinal.
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| Cephalgia | headache.
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| Cerebellum | part of brain responsible for coordinating voluntary muscular movement; located behind the brain stem.
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| Cerebral Concussion | breif interupption of the brain function, ususally with the loss of conciousness last for a few seconds.
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| Cerebral Contusion | small scattered venous hemorrhages in the brain; "bruise" of the brain tissue.
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| Cerebrospinal Fluid | fluid flowing through the brain and around the spinal cord that protects them from physical blow or impact.
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| Cerebrum | largest part of the brain. controls memory, sensation, emotions, and voluntary movements.
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| Coma | deep sleep.
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| Craniotomy | surgical incision into the cranium or skull.
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| Deficit | any deficiency or variation of the normal.
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| Dementia | mental disorder with deteriorating memory, judgement, and no ability to think.
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| Demyelination | destruction or removal of the myelin sheath.
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| Dysphasia | difficult speech.
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| Efferent Nerves | transmitters of nerve impulses away from the CNS; motor nerves
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| Hemiplegia | paralysis of one half of the body (left or right side)
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| Herpes Zoster | acute infection caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox; shingles.
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| Hyperesthesia | excessive sensitivity to sensory stimuli; such as pain or touch.
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| Interneurons | connecting neurons that conduct implses from afferent nerves to efferent nerves.
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| Lethargy | sluggish.
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| Medulla Oblongata | most essential part of the brain. contains the cardiac, vascomotor, and respiratory centers of the brain.
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| Meninges | 3 layers of protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
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| Myelin Sheath | protective sheath that covers the axons.
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| Narcolepsy | uncontrolled, sudden attacks of sleep.
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| Nerve | cordlike bundle of nerve fibers that transmit impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body; it's macroscopic.
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| Nerve Block | injection of a local anesthetic along the course of a nerve(s) to eliminate sensation to an area; conduction anesthesia.
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| Neuralgia | severe, sharp, spasmlike pain.
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| Neuritis | inflammation of a nerve.
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| Neurolgia | supporting tissue of the nervous system.
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| Neurologist | physician who specializes in treating the diseases and disorders of the nervous system.
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| Neurology | the study of the nervous system.
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| Neuron | a nerve cell.
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| Neurosurgeon | physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system.
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| Neurosurgery | any surgery involving the nervous system.
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| Neurotransmitter | chemical substance within the body that activates or inhibits the transmission of nerve impulses or synapses.
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| Nuchal Rigidity | rigidity of the neck. (seen in patients with meningitis)
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| Occlusion | blockage.
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| Oligodendrocyte | type of neurogical cell found in the interstital tissue of the nervous system.
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| Palliative | soothing.
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| Paraplegia | paralysis of the lower extremeties of the trunk, due to spinal cord injuries.
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| Parasympathetic Nerves | nerves of the ANS that regulate essential involuntary body functions such as slowing the heart rate, increases peristalsis of intestines, increasing glandular secretions, and relaxing sphincters.
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| Paresthesia | sensation of numbness or tingling.
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| Peripheral Nervous System | part of the nervous system outside the CNS; consisting of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
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| Phagocytes | to eat.
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| Pineal Body | small cone-shaped structure thought to be involved in regulating the body's biological clock and that produces melatonin; pineal gland.
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| Plexus | network of interwoven nerves.
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| Quadriplegia | paralysis of 4 extremities and the trunk of the body; caused by injury to the spinal cord at the level of the cervical vertebrae.
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| Receptor | sensory nerve ending.
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| Sciatica | inflammation of the sciactic nerve.
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| Sensory | pertaining to sensation.
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| Sensory Nerves | afferent nerves.
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| Somatic Nervous System | the part of the PNS that provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle contractions.
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| Stupor | a state of lethargy.
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| Subarachnoid Space | space located just under the arachnoid membrane that contains CSF.
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| Sympathetic Nerves | nerves of the ANS that regulate essential involuntary body functions such as increasing the heart rate, constricting blood vessels, and raising the blood pressure.
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| Synapse | the space between nerves
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| Syncope | fainting
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| Thalamus | part of the brain located between the cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain. receives all sensory stimuli, except those of smell.
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| Thrombosis | abnormal condition in which a clot develops in a blood vessel.
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| Ventricle, Brain | small hollow within the brain that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
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| Whiplash | injury to the cervical vertebrae due to a sudden back-and-forth jerking movement of the head and neck.
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| Alzheimer's Disease | deterioration of a person's intellectual functioning.
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| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) | severe weakening and wasting of the involved muscle groups, usually beginning with the hands and progressing to shoulders, upper arms, and legs.
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| Anencephaly | absence of the brain and spinal cord at birth, a congenital disorder.
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| Bell's Palsy | temporary or permanent unilateral weakness or paralysis of the muscles in the face following trauma in the face.
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| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | pinching or compression of the median nerves within the carpal tunnel due to inflammation and swelling of the tendons.
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| Cerebral Palsy | brain damage that is permanent but not progressive. characterized by child's lack of control of voluntary muscles.
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| Cerebrovascular Accident, CVA | results from a decrease in blood flow (ischemia) to the area of the brain; stroke.
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| Degenerative Disk | deteriorization of the intervertebral disk.
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| Encephalitis | inflammation of the brain or cord tissue.
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| Epilepsy | syndrome of recurring episodes of excessive irregular electrical activity in the brain; seizures.
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| Grand Mal Seizure | epileptic seizure characterized by a sudden loss of conciousness.
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| Petit Mal Seizure | small seizures in which there is a sudden loss of conciousness lasting only a few seconds; absence seizures.
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| Guillain-Barre Syndrome | acute polyneuritis (inflammation of many nerves) of the PNS in which the myelin sheaths on the axons are destroyed. decrease nerve pulses. loss of reflex response, and muscle weakness.
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| Migraine Headache | recurring, pulsating, vascular headache usually devoloping on 1 side of the head.
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| Cluster Headache | occurs typically 2 or 3 hours after falling asleep; pain around 1 eye that wakens the person from sleep.
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| Tension Headache | occcurs from long, endured contraction of the skeletal muscles around the face, scalp, upper back, and neck.
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| Hematoma, Subdural | collection of blood below the dura mater and above the arachnoid layer of meninges.
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| Herniated Disk | rupture or herniation of the disk center. causes pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots.
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| Huntington's Chorea | inherited neurological disease characterized by rapid, jerky, involuntary movements, and increases dementia.
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| Hydrocephalus | abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.
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| Meningitis (acute bacterial) | serious bacterial infections of the meninges- covering the brain and spinal cord.
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| Multiple Sclerosis | degenerative inflammatory disease of the CNS attacking the myelin sheath in the spinal cord or brain.
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| Neuroblastoma | highly malignant tumor of the sympathetic nervous system.
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| Parkinson's Disease | degenerative, slowly progressive deteriorating of nerves in the brain stem's motor system.
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| Reye's Syndrome | acute brain encephalopathy along with fatty infiltration of the internal organs. occurs in children (ages 5-11) with fatal result.
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| Cerebral Angiography | visualization of the cerebral vascular system via X-ray after the injection of a radiopaque contrast medium into an arterial blood vessel.
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| CT Scan of the Brain | analysis of 3-dimentional view of brain tissue obtained as X-ray beams pass through successive horizontal layers of the brain
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| Electroencephalography, (EEG) | measurement of electrical activity produced by the brain and recorded through electrodes placed on the scalp
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| Lumbar Puncture | insertion of a hollow needle and stylet into the subarachnoid space.
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| Magnetic Resonance Imagining (MRI) | noninvasive scanning procedure that provides visulization of fluid, soft tissue, & bony structures without the use of radiation.
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| Neuroectomy | neosurgical procedure to relieve pain in a small area by incision of cranial and peripheral nerves.
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| PET Scan | produces computerized radiographic images of various body structures when radioactive substances are inahled or injected. (POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY)
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| Romberg Test | used to evaluate cerebellar function and balance.
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| TENS | form of cutaneous stimulation for pain relief that supplies electrical impulses to the nerve endings of a nerve close to the pain site. (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation)
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